200 changed files with 9117 additions and 16543 deletions
--- a/.drone.yml
+++ b/.drone.yml
@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
 ---
 kind: pipeline
 name: python-3-8-alpine-3-13
 services:
  - name: postgresql
    image: docker.io/postgres:13.1-alpine
    environment:
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: test
      POSTGRES_DB: test
  - name: postgresql2
    image: docker.io/postgres:13.1-alpine
    environment:
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: test2
      POSTGRES_DB: test
      POSTGRES_USER: postgres2
    commands:
      - docker-entrypoint.sh -p 5433
  - name: mysql
    image: docker.io/mariadb:10.5
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: test
      MYSQL_DATABASE: test
  - name: mysql2
    image: docker.io/mariadb:10.5
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: test2
      MYSQL_DATABASE: test
    commands:
      - docker-entrypoint.sh --port=3307
  - name: mongodb
    image: docker.io/mongo:5.0.5
    environment:
      MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_USERNAME: root
      MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_PASSWORD: test
  - name: mongodb2
    image: docker.io/mongo:5.0.5
    environment:
      MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_USERNAME: root2
      MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_PASSWORD: test2
    commands:
      - docker-entrypoint.sh --port=27018
 clone:
  skip_verify: true
 steps:
 - name: build
  image: docker.io/alpine:3.13
  environment:
    TEST_CONTAINER: true
  pull: always
  commands:
    - scripts/run-full-tests
 ---
 kind: pipeline
 name: documentation
 type: exec
 platform:
  os: linux
  arch: amd64
 clone:
  skip_verify: true
 steps:
 - name: build
  environment:
    USERNAME:
      from_secret: docker_username
    PASSWORD:
      from_secret: docker_password
    IMAGE_NAME: projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic:docs
  commands:
    - podman login --username "$USERNAME" --password "$PASSWORD" projects.torsion.org
    - podman build --tag "$IMAGE_NAME" --file docs/Dockerfile --storage-opt "overlay.mount_program=/usr/bin/fuse-overlayfs" .
    - podman push "$IMAGE_NAME"
 trigger:
  repo:
    - borgmatic-collective/borgmatic
  branch:
    - main
  event:
    - push
--- a/.gitea/issue_template.md
+++ b/.gitea/issue_template.md
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
 #### What I'm trying to do and why
 #### Steps to reproduce (if a bug)
 Include (sanitized) borgmatic configuration files if applicable.
 #### Actual behavior (if a bug)
 Include (sanitized) `--verbosity 2` output if applicable.
 #### Expected behavior (if a bug)
 #### Other notes / implementation ideas
 #### Environment
 **borgmatic version:** [version here]
 Use `sudo borgmatic --version` or `sudo pip show borgmatic | grep ^Version`
 **borgmatic installation method:** [e.g., Debian package, Docker container, etc.]
 **Borg version:** [version here]
 Use `sudo borg --version`
 **Python version:** [version here]
 Use `python3 --version`
 **Database version (if applicable):** [version here]
 Use `psql --version` or `mysql --version` on client and server.
 **operating system and version:** [OS here]
--- a/.gitea/issue_template/bug_template.yaml
+++ b/.gitea/issue_template/bug_template.yaml
@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
 name: "Bug or question/support"
 about: "For filing a bug or getting support"
 body:
  - type: textarea
    id: problem
    attributes:
      label: What I'm trying to do and why
    validations:
      required: true
  - type: textarea
    id: repro_steps
    attributes:
      label: Steps to reproduce
      description: Include (sanitized) borgmatic configuration files if applicable.
    validations:
      required: false
  - type: textarea
    id: actual_behavior
    attributes:
      label: Actual behavior
      description: Include (sanitized) `--verbosity 2` output if applicable.
    validations:
      required: false
  - type: textarea
    id: expected_behavior
    attributes:
      label: Expected behavior
    validations:
      required: false
  - type: textarea
    id: notes
    attributes:
      label: Other notes / implementation ideas
    validations:
      required: false
  - type: input
    id: borgmatic_version
    attributes:
      label: borgmatic version
      description: Use `sudo borgmatic --version` or `sudo pip show borgmatic | grep ^Version`
    validations:
      required: false
  - type: input
    id: borgmatic_install_method
    attributes:
      label: borgmatic installation method
      description: e.g., pip install, Debian package, container, etc.
    validations:
      required: false
  - type: input
    id: borg_version
    attributes:
      label: Borg version
      description: Use `sudo borg --version`
    validations:
      required: false
  - type: input
    id: python_version
    attributes:
      label: Python version
      description: Use `python3 --version`
    validations:
      required: false
  - type: input
    id: database_version
    attributes:
      label: Database version (if applicable)
      description: Use `psql --version` / `mysql --version` / `mongodump --version` / `sqlite3 --version`
    validations:
      required: false
  - type: input
    id: operating_system_version
    attributes:
      label: Operating system and version
      description: On Linux, use `cat /etc/os-release`
    validations:
      required: false
--- a/.gitea/issue_template/config.yaml
+++ b/.gitea/issue_template/config.yaml
@ -1 +0,0 @@
 blank_issues_enabled: true
--- a/.gitea/issue_template/feature_template.yaml
+++ b/.gitea/issue_template/feature_template.yaml
@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
 name: "Feature"
 about: "For filing a feature request or idea"
 body:
  - type: textarea
    id: request
    attributes:
      label: What I'd like to do and why
    validations:
      required: true
  - type: textarea
    id: notes
    attributes:
      label: Other notes / implementation ideas
    validations:
      required: false
--- a/.gitea/workflows/build.yaml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/build.yaml
@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
 name: build
 run-name: ${{ gitea.actor }} is building
 on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
 jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: host
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - run: scripts/run-end-to-end-tests
  docs:
    needs: [test]
    runs-on: host
    env:
      IMAGE_NAME: projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic:docs
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - run: podman login --username "$USERNAME" --password "$PASSWORD" projects.torsion.org
        env:
          USERNAME: "${{ secrets.REGISTRY_USERNAME }}"
          PASSWORD: "${{ secrets.REGISTRY_PASSWORD }}"
      - run: podman build --tag "$IMAGE_NAME" --file docs/Dockerfile --storage-opt "overlay.mount_program=/usr/bin/fuse-overlayfs" .
      - run: podman push "$IMAGE_NAME"
--- a/199
+++ b/199
@ -1,213 +1,18 @@
-1.8.13.dev0
+1.8.0.dev0
 * #886: Fix PagerDuty hook traceback with Python < 3.10.
 1.8.12
 * #817: Add a "--max-duration" flag to the "check" action and a "max_duration" option to the
   repository check configuration. This tells Borg to interrupt a repository check after a certain
   duration.
 * #860: Fix interaction between environment variable interpolation in constants and shell escaping.
 * #863: When color output is disabled (explicitly or implicitly), don't prefix each log line with
   the log level.
 * #865: Add an "upload_buffer_size" option to set the size of the upload buffer used in "create"
   action.
 * #866: Fix "Argument list too long" error in the "spot" check when checking hundreds of thousands
   of files at once.
 * #874: Add the configured repository label as "repository_label" to the interpolated variables
   passed to before/after command hooks.
 * #881: Fix "Unrecognized argument" error when the same value is used with different command-line
   flags.
 * In the "spot" check, don't try to hash symlinked directories.
 1.8.11
 * #815: Add optional Healthchecks auto-provisioning via "create_slug" option.
 * #851: Fix lack of file extraction when using "extract --strip-components all" on a path with a
   leading slash.
 * #854: Fix a traceback when the "data" consistency check is used.
 * #857: Fix a traceback with "check --only spot" when the "spot" check is unconfigured.
 1.8.10
 * #656 (beta): Add a "spot" consistency check that compares file counts and contents between your
   source files and the latest archive, ensuring they fall within configured tolerances. This can
   catch problems like incorrect excludes, inadvertent deletes, files changed by malware, etc. See
   the documentation for more information:
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/deal-with-very-large-backups/#spot-check
 * #779: When "--match-archives *" is used with "check" action, don't skip Borg's orphaned objects
   check.
 * #842: When a command hook exits with a soft failure, ping the log and finish states for any
   configured monitoring hooks.
 * #843: Add documentation link to Loki dashboard for borgmatic:
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#loki-hook
 * #847: Fix "--json" error when Borg includes non-JSON warnings in JSON output.
 * #848: SECURITY: Mask the password when logging a MongoDB dump or restore command.
 * Fix handling of the NO_COLOR environment variable to ignore an empty value.
 * Add documentation about backing up containerized databases by configuring borgmatic to exec into
   a container to run a dump command:
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/backup-your-databases/#containers
 1.8.9
 * #311: Add custom dump/restore command options for MySQL and MariaDB.
 * #811: Add an "access_token" option to the ntfy monitoring hook for authenticating
   without username/password.
 * #827: When the "--json" flag is given, suppress console escape codes so as not to
   interfere with JSON output.
 * #829: Fix "--override" values containing deprecated section headers not actually overriding
   configuration options under deprecated section headers.
 * #835: Add support for the NO_COLOR environment variable. See the documentation for more
   information:
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/set-up-backups/#colored-output
 * #839: Add log sending for the Apprise logging hook, enabled by default. See the documentation for
   more information:
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#apprise-hook
 * #839: Document a potentially breaking shell quoting edge case within error hooks:
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#error-hooks
 * #840: When running the "rcreate" action and the repository already exists but with a different
   encryption mode than requested, error.
 * Switch from Drone to Gitea Actions for continuous integration.
 * Rename scripts/run-end-to-end-dev-tests to scripts/run-end-to-end-tests and use it in both dev
   and CI for better dev-CI parity.
 * Clarify documentation about restoring a database: borgmatic does not create the database upon
   restore.
 1.8.8
 * #370: For the PostgreSQL hook, pass the "PGSSLMODE" environment variable through to Borg when the
   database's configuration omits the "ssl_mode" option.
 * #818: Allow the "--repository" flag to match across multiple configuration files.
 * #820: Fix broken repository detection in the "rcreate" action with Borg 1.4. The issue did not
   occur with other versions of Borg.
 * #822: Fix broken escaping logic in the PostgreSQL hook's "pg_dump_command" option.
 * SECURITY: Prevent additional shell injection attacks within the PostgreSQL hook.
 1.8.7
 * #736: Store included configuration files within each backup archive in support of the "config
   bootstrap" action. Previously, only top-level configuration files were stored.
 * #798: Elevate specific Borg warnings to errors or squash errors to
 * warnings. See the documentation for more information:
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/customize-warnings-and-errors/
 * #810: SECURITY: Prevent shell injection attacks within the PostgreSQL hook, the MongoDB hook, the
   SQLite hook, the "borgmatic borg" action, and command hook variable/constant interpolation.
 * #814: Fix a traceback when providing an invalid "--override" value for a list option.
 1.8.6
 * #767: Add an "--ssh-command" flag to the "config bootstrap" action for setting a custom SSH
   command, as no configuration is available (including the "ssh_command" option) until
   bootstrapping completes.
 * #794: Fix a traceback when the "repositories" option contains both strings and key/value pairs.
 * #800: Add configured repository labels to the JSON output for all actions.
 * #802: The "check --force" flag now runs checks even if "check" is in "skip_actions".
 * #804: Validate the configured action names in the "skip_actions" option.
 * #807: Stream SQLite databases directly to Borg instead of dumping to an intermediate file.
 * When logging commands that borgmatic executes, log the environment variables that
   borgmatic sets for those commands. (But don't log their values, since they often contain
   passwords.)
 1.8.5
 * #701: Add a "skip_actions" option to skip running particular actions, handy for append-only or
   checkless configurations. See the documentation for more information:
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/set-up-backups/#skipping-actions
 * #701: Deprecate the "disabled" value for the "checks" option in favor of the new "skip_actions"
   option.
 * #745: Constants now apply to included configuration, not just the file doing the includes. As a
   side effect of this change, constants no longer apply to option names and only substitute into
   configuration values.
 * #779: Add a "--match-archives" flag to the "check" action for selecting the archives to check,
   overriding the existing "archive_name_format" and "match_archives" options in configuration.
 * #779: Only parse "--override" values as complex data types when they're for options of those
   types.
 * #782: Fix environment variable interpolation within configured repository paths.
 * #782: Add configuration constant overriding via the existing "--override" flag.
 * #783: Upgrade ruamel.yaml dependency to support version 0.18.x.
 * #784: Drop support for Python 3.7, which has been end-of-lifed.
 1.8.4
 * #715: Add a monitoring hook for sending backup status to a variety of monitoring services via the
   Apprise library. See the documentation for more information:
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#apprise-hook
 * #748: When an archive filter causes no matching archives for the "rlist" or "info"
   actions, warn the user and suggest how to remove the filter.
 * #768: Fix a traceback when an invalid command-line flag or action is used.
 * #771: Fix normalization of deprecated sections ("location:", "storage:", "hooks:", etc.) to
   support empty sections without erroring.
 * #774: Disallow the "--dry-run" flag with the "borg" action, as borgmatic can't guarantee the Borg
   command won't have side effects.
 1.8.3
 * #665: BREAKING: Simplify logging logic as follows: Syslog verbosity is now disabled by
   default, but setting the "--syslog-verbosity" flag enables it regardless of whether you're at an
   interactive console. Additionally, "--log-file-verbosity" and "--monitoring-verbosity" now
   default to 1 (info about steps borgmatic is taking) instead of 0. And both syslog logging and
   file logging can be enabled simultaneously.
 * #743: Add a monitoring hook for sending backup status and logs to Grafana Loki. See the
   documentation for more information:
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#loki-hook
 * #753: When "archive_name_format" is not set, filter archives using the default archive name
   format.
 * #754: Fix error handling to log command output as one record per line instead of truncating
   too-long output and swallowing the end of some Borg error messages.
 * #757: Update documentation so "sudo borgmatic" works for pipx borgmatic installations.
 * #761: Fix for borgmatic not stopping Borg immediately when the user presses ctrl-C.
 * Update documentation to recommend installing/upgrading borgmatic with pipx instead of pip. See the
   documentation for more information:
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/set-up-backups/#installation
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/upgrade/#upgrading-borgmatic
 1.8.2
 * #345: Add "key export" action to export a copy of the repository key for safekeeping in case
   the original goes missing or gets damaged.
 * #727: Add a MariaDB database hook that uses native MariaDB commands instead of the deprecated
   MySQL ones. Be aware though that any existing backups made with the "mysql_databases:" hook are
   only restorable with a "mysql_databases:" configuration.
 * #738: Fix for potential data loss (data not getting restored) in which the database "restore"
   action didn't actually restore anything and indicated success anyway.
 * Remove the deprecated use of the MongoDB hook's "--db" flag for database restoration.
 * Add source code reference documentation for getting oriented with the borgmatic code as a
   developer: https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/reference/source-code/
 1.8.1
 * #326: Add documentation for restoring a database to an alternate host:
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/backup-your-databases/#restore-to-an-alternate-host
 * #697: Add documentation for "bootstrap" action:
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/extract-a-backup/#extract-the-configuration-files-used-to-create-an-archive
 * #725: Add "store_config_files" option for disabling the automatic backup of configuration files
   used by the "config bootstrap" action.
 * #728: Fix for "prune" action error when using the "keep_exclude_tags" option.
 * #730: Fix for Borg's interactive prompt on the "check --repair" action automatically getting
   answered "NO" even when the "check_i_know_what_i_am_doing" option isn't set.
 * #732: Include multiple configuration files with a single "!include". See the documentation for
   more information:
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/make-per-application-backups/#multiple-merge-includes
 * #734: Omit "--glob-archives" or "--match-archives" Borg flag when its value would be "*" (meaning
   all archives).
 1.8.0
 * #575: BREAKING: For the "borgmatic borg" action, instead of implicitly injecting
   repository/archive into the resulting Borg command-line, pass repository to Borg via an
   environment variable and make archive available for explicit use in your commands. See the
   documentation for more information:
   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/run-arbitrary-borg-commands/
 * #719: Fix an error when running "borg key export" through borgmatic.
- * #720: Fix an error when dumping a database and the "exclude_nodump" option is set.
+ * #720: Fix an error when dumping a MySQL database and the "exclude_nodump" option is set.
 * #724: Add "check_i_know_what_i_am_doing" option to bypass Borg confirmation prompt when running
   "check --repair".
 * When merging two configuration files, error gracefully if the two files do not adhere to the same
   format.
 * #721: Remove configuration sections ("location:", "storage:", "hooks:", etc.), while still
   keeping deprecated support for them. Now, all options are at the same level, and you don't need
   to worry about commenting/uncommenting section headers when you change an option (if you remove
   your sections first).
 * #721: BREAKING: The retention prefix and the consistency prefix can no longer have different
   values (unless one is not set).
 * #721: BREAKING: The storage umask and the hooks umask can no longer have different values (unless
   one is not set).
 * BREAKING: Flags like "--config" that previously took multiple values now need to be given once
   per value, e.g. "--config first.yaml --config second.yaml" instead of "--config first.yaml
   second.yaml". This prevents argument parsing errors on ambiguous commands.
 * BREAKING: Remove the deprecated (and silently ignored) "--successful" flag on the "list" action,
   as newer versions of Borg list successful (non-checkpoint) archives by default.
 * All deprecated configuration option values now generate warning logs.
 * Remove the deprecated (and non-functional) "--excludes" flag in favor of excludes within
   configuration.
 * Fix an error when logging too-long command output during error handling. Now, long command output
   is truncated before logging.
 1.7.15
 * #326: Add configuration options and command-line flags for backing up a database from one
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -16,59 +16,65 @@ The canonical home of borgmatic is at <a href="https://torsion.org/borgmatic">ht
 Here's an example configuration file:
 ```yaml
-# List of source directories to backup.
+location:
-source_directories:
+    # List of source directories to backup.
-    - /home
+    source_directories:
-    - /etc
+        - /home
        - /etc
-# Paths of local or remote repositories to backup to.
+    # Paths of local or remote repositories to backup to.
-repositories:
+    repositories:
-    - path: ssh://k8pDxu32@k8pDxu32.repo.borgbase.com/./repo
+        - path: ssh://k8pDxu32@k8pDxu32.repo.borgbase.com/./repo
-      label: borgbase
+          label: borgbase
-    - path: /var/lib/backups/local.borg
+        - path: /var/lib/backups/local.borg
-      label: local
+          label: local
-# Retention policy for how many backups to keep.
+retention:
-keep_daily: 7
+    # Retention policy for how many backups to keep.
-keep_weekly: 4
+    keep_daily: 7
-keep_monthly: 6
+    keep_weekly: 4
    keep_monthly: 6
-# List of checks to run to validate your backups.
+consistency:
-checks:
+    # List of checks to run to validate your backups.
-    - name: repository
+    checks:
-    - name: archives
+        - name: repository
-      frequency: 2 weeks
+        - name: archives
          frequency: 2 weeks
-# Custom preparation scripts to run.
+hooks:
-before_backup:
+    # Custom preparation scripts to run.
-    - prepare-for-backup.sh
+    before_backup:
        - prepare-for-backup.sh
-# Databases to dump and include in backups.
+    # Databases to dump and include in backups.
-postgresql_databases:
+    postgresql_databases:
-    - name: users
+        - name: users
-# Third-party services to notify you if backups aren't happening.
+    # Third-party services to notify you if backups aren't happening.
-healthchecks:
+    healthchecks: https://hc-ping.com/be067061-cf96-4412-8eae-62b0c50d6a8c
    ping_url: https://hc-ping.com/be067061-cf96-4412-8eae-62b0c50d6a8c
 ```
 Want to see borgmatic in action? Check out the <a
 href="https://asciinema.org/a/203761?autoplay=1" target="_blank">screencast</a>.
 <a href="https://asciinema.org/a/203761?autoplay=1" target="_blank"><img src="https://asciinema.org/a/203761.png" width="480"></a>
 borgmatic is powered by [Borg Backup](https://www.borgbackup.org/).
 ## Integrations
-<a href="https://www.postgresql.org/"><img src="docs/static/postgresql.png" alt="PostgreSQL" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px; margin-right:20px;"></a>
+<a href="https://www.postgresql.org/"><img src="docs/static/postgresql.png" alt="PostgreSQL" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px;"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-<a href="https://www.mysql.com/"><img src="docs/static/mysql.png" alt="MySQL" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px; margin-right:20px;"></a>
+<a href="https://www.mysql.com/"><img src="docs/static/mysql.png" alt="MySQL" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px;"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-<a href="https://mariadb.com/"><img src="docs/static/mariadb.png" alt="MariaDB" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px; margin-right:20px;"></a>
+<a href="https://mariadb.com/"><img src="docs/static/mariadb.png" alt="MariaDB" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px;"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-<a href="https://www.mongodb.com/"><img src="docs/static/mongodb.png" alt="MongoDB" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px; margin-right:20px;"></a>
+<a href="https://www.mongodb.com/"><img src="docs/static/mongodb.png" alt="MongoDB" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px;"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-<a href="https://sqlite.org/"><img src="docs/static/sqlite.png" alt="SQLite" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px; margin-right:20px;"></a>
+<a href="https://sqlite.org/"><img src="docs/static/sqlite.png" alt="SQLite" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px;"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-<a href="https://healthchecks.io/"><img src="docs/static/healthchecks.png" alt="Healthchecks" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px; margin-right:20px;"></a>
+<a href="https://healthchecks.io/"><img src="docs/static/healthchecks.png" alt="Healthchecks" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px;"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-<a href="https://cronitor.io/"><img src="docs/static/cronitor.png" alt="Cronitor" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px; margin-right:20px;"></a>
+<a href="https://cronitor.io/"><img src="docs/static/cronitor.png" alt="Cronitor" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px;"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-<a href="https://cronhub.io/"><img src="docs/static/cronhub.png" alt="Cronhub" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px; margin-right:20px;"></a>
+<a href="https://cronhub.io/"><img src="docs/static/cronhub.png" alt="Cronhub" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px;"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-<a href="https://www.pagerduty.com/"><img src="docs/static/pagerduty.png" alt="PagerDuty" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px; margin-right:20px;"></a>
+<a href="https://www.pagerduty.com/"><img src="docs/static/pagerduty.png" alt="PagerDuty" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px;"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-<a href="https://ntfy.sh/"><img src="docs/static/ntfy.png" alt="ntfy" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px; margin-right:20px;"></a>
+<a href="https://ntfy.sh/"><img src="docs/static/ntfy.png" alt="ntfy" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px;"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-<a href="https://grafana.com/oss/loki/"><img src="docs/static/loki.png" alt="Loki" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px; margin-right:20px;"></a>
+<a href="https://www.borgbase.com/?utm_source=borgmatic"><img src="docs/static/borgbase.png" alt="BorgBase" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px;"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 <a href="https://github.com/caronc/apprise/wiki"><img src="docs/static/apprise.png" alt="Apprise" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px; margin-right:20px;"></a>
 <a href="https://www.borgbase.com/?utm_source=borgmatic"><img src="docs/static/borgbase.png" alt="BorgBase" height="60px" style="margin-bottom:20px; margin-right:20px;"></a>
 ## Getting started
@ -154,3 +160,6 @@ general, contributions are very welcome. We don't bite!
 Also, please check out the [borgmatic development
 how-to](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/develop-on-borgmatic/) for
 info on cloning source code, running tests, etc.
 <a href="https://build.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic" alt="build status">![Build Status](https://build.torsion.org/api/badges/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic/status.svg?ref=refs/heads/main)</a>
--- a/borgmatic/actions/borg.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/borg.py
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def run_borg(
    repository,
-    config,
+    storage,
    local_borg_version,
    borg_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def run_borg(
        archive_name = borgmatic.borg.rlist.resolve_archive_name(
            repository['path'],
            borg_arguments.archive,
-            config,
+            storage,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
            local_path,
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def run_borg(
        )
        borgmatic.borg.borg.run_arbitrary_borg(
            repository['path'],
-            config,
+            storage,
            local_borg_version,
            options=borg_arguments.options,
            archive=archive_name,
--- a/borgmatic/actions/break_lock.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/break_lock.py
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def run_break_lock(
    repository,
-    config,
+    storage,
    local_borg_version,
    break_lock_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def run_break_lock(
        )
        borgmatic.borg.break_lock.break_lock(
            repository['path'],
-            config,
+            storage,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
            local_path=local_path,
--- a/borgmatic/actions/check.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/check.py
@ -1,606 +1,19 @@
 import datetime
 import hashlib
 import itertools
 import logging
 import os
 import pathlib
 import random
 import borgmatic.borg.check
 import borgmatic.borg.create
 import borgmatic.borg.environment
 import borgmatic.borg.extract
 import borgmatic.borg.list
 import borgmatic.borg.rlist
 import borgmatic.borg.state
 import borgmatic.config.validate
 import borgmatic.execute
 import borgmatic.hooks.command
 DEFAULT_CHECKS = (
    {'name': 'repository', 'frequency': '1 month'},
    {'name': 'archives', 'frequency': '1 month'},
 )
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def parse_checks(config, only_checks=None):
    '''
    Given a configuration dict with a "checks" sequence of dicts and an optional list of override
    checks, return a tuple of named checks to run.
    For example, given a config of:
        {'checks': ({'name': 'repository'}, {'name': 'archives'})}
    This will be returned as:
        ('repository', 'archives')
    If no "checks" option is present in the config, return the DEFAULT_CHECKS. If a checks value
    has a name of "disabled", return an empty tuple, meaning that no checks should be run.
    '''
    checks = only_checks or tuple(
        check_config['name'] for check_config in (config.get('checks', None) or DEFAULT_CHECKS)
    )
    checks = tuple(check.lower() for check in checks)
    if 'disabled' in checks:
        logger.warning(
            'The "disabled" value for the "checks" option is deprecated and will be removed from a future release; use "skip_actions" instead'
        )
        if len(checks) > 1:
            logger.warning(
                'Multiple checks are configured, but one of them is "disabled"; not running any checks'
            )
        return ()
    return checks
 def parse_frequency(frequency):
    '''
    Given a frequency string with a number and a unit of time, return a corresponding
    datetime.timedelta instance or None if the frequency is None or "always".
    For instance, given "3 weeks", return datetime.timedelta(weeks=3)
    Raise ValueError if the given frequency cannot be parsed.
    '''
    if not frequency:
        return None
    frequency = frequency.strip().lower()
    if frequency == 'always':
        return None
    try:
        number, time_unit = frequency.split(' ')
        number = int(number)
    except ValueError:
        raise ValueError(f"Could not parse consistency check frequency '{frequency}'")
    if not time_unit.endswith('s'):
        time_unit += 's'
    if time_unit == 'months':
        number *= 30
        time_unit = 'days'
    elif time_unit == 'years':
        number *= 365
        time_unit = 'days'
    try:
        return datetime.timedelta(**{time_unit: number})
    except TypeError:
        raise ValueError(f"Could not parse consistency check frequency '{frequency}'")
 def filter_checks_on_frequency(
    config,
    borg_repository_id,
    checks,
    force,
    archives_check_id=None,
 ):
    '''
    Given a configuration dict with a "checks" sequence of dicts, a Borg repository ID, a sequence
    of checks, whether to force checks to run, and an ID for the archives check potentially being
    run (if any), filter down those checks based on the configured "frequency" for each check as
    compared to its check time file.
    In other words, a check whose check time file's timestamp is too new (based on the configured
    frequency) will get cut from the returned sequence of checks. Example:
    config = {
        'checks': [
            {
                'name': 'archives',
                'frequency': '2 weeks',
            },
        ]
    }
    When this function is called with that config and "archives" in checks, "archives" will get
    filtered out of the returned result if its check time file is newer than 2 weeks old, indicating
    that it's not yet time to run that check again.
    Raise ValueError if a frequency cannot be parsed.
    '''
    if not checks:
        return checks
    filtered_checks = list(checks)
    if force:
        return tuple(filtered_checks)
    for check_config in config.get('checks', DEFAULT_CHECKS):
        check = check_config['name']
        if checks and check not in checks:
            continue
        frequency_delta = parse_frequency(check_config.get('frequency'))
        if not frequency_delta:
            continue
        check_time = probe_for_check_time(config, borg_repository_id, check, archives_check_id)
        if not check_time:
            continue
        # If we've not yet reached the time when the frequency dictates we're ready for another
        # check, skip this check.
        if datetime.datetime.now() < check_time + frequency_delta:
            remaining = check_time + frequency_delta - datetime.datetime.now()
            logger.info(
                f'Skipping {check} check due to configured frequency; {remaining} until next check (use --force to check anyway)'
            )
            filtered_checks.remove(check)
    return tuple(filtered_checks)
 def make_archives_check_id(archive_filter_flags):
    '''
    Given a sequence of flags to filter archives, return a unique hash corresponding to those
    particular flags. If there are no flags, return None.
    '''
    if not archive_filter_flags:
        return None
    return hashlib.sha256(' '.join(archive_filter_flags).encode()).hexdigest()
 def make_check_time_path(config, borg_repository_id, check_type, archives_check_id=None):
    '''
    Given a configuration dict, a Borg repository ID, the name of a check type ("repository",
    "archives", etc.), and a unique hash of the archives filter flags, return a path for recording
    that check's time (the time of that check last occurring).
    '''
    borgmatic_source_directory = os.path.expanduser(
        config.get(
            'borgmatic_source_directory', borgmatic.borg.state.DEFAULT_BORGMATIC_SOURCE_DIRECTORY
        )
    )
    if check_type in ('archives', 'data'):
        return os.path.join(
            borgmatic_source_directory,
            'checks',
            borg_repository_id,
            check_type,
            archives_check_id if archives_check_id else 'all',
        )
    return os.path.join(
        borgmatic_source_directory,
        'checks',
        borg_repository_id,
        check_type,
    )
 def write_check_time(path):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Record a check time of now as the modification time of the given path.
    '''
    logger.debug(f'Writing check time at {path}')
    os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(path), mode=0o700, exist_ok=True)
    pathlib.Path(path, mode=0o600).touch()
 def read_check_time(path):
    '''
    Return the check time based on the modification time of the given path. Return None if the path
    doesn't exist.
    '''
    logger.debug(f'Reading check time from {path}')
    try:
        return datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(os.stat(path).st_mtime)
    except FileNotFoundError:
        return None
 def probe_for_check_time(config, borg_repository_id, check, archives_check_id):
    '''
    Given a configuration dict, a Borg repository ID, the name of a check type ("repository",
    "archives", etc.), and a unique hash of the archives filter flags, return a the corresponding
    check time or None if such a check time does not exist.
    When the check type is "archives" or "data", this function probes two different paths to find
    the check time, e.g.:
      ~/.borgmatic/checks/1234567890/archives/9876543210
      ~/.borgmatic/checks/1234567890/archives/all
    ... and returns the maximum modification time of the files found (if any). The first path
    represents a more specific archives check time (a check on a subset of archives), and the second
    is a fallback to the last "all" archives check.
    For other check types, this function reads from a single check time path, e.g.:
      ~/.borgmatic/checks/1234567890/repository
    '''
    check_times = (
        read_check_time(group[0])
        for group in itertools.groupby(
            (
                make_check_time_path(config, borg_repository_id, check, archives_check_id),
                make_check_time_path(config, borg_repository_id, check),
            )
        )
    )
    try:
        return max(check_time for check_time in check_times if check_time)
    except ValueError:
        return None
 def upgrade_check_times(config, borg_repository_id):
    '''
    Given a configuration dict and a Borg repository ID, upgrade any corresponding check times on
    disk from old-style paths to new-style paths.
    Currently, the only upgrade performed is renaming an archive or data check path that looks like:
      ~/.borgmatic/checks/1234567890/archives
    to:
      ~/.borgmatic/checks/1234567890/archives/all
    '''
    for check_type in ('archives', 'data'):
        new_path = make_check_time_path(config, borg_repository_id, check_type, 'all')
        old_path = os.path.dirname(new_path)
        temporary_path = f'{old_path}.temp'
        if not os.path.isfile(old_path) and not os.path.isfile(temporary_path):
            continue
        logger.debug(f'Upgrading archives check time from {old_path} to {new_path}')
        try:
            os.rename(old_path, temporary_path)
        except FileNotFoundError:
            pass
        os.mkdir(old_path)
        os.rename(temporary_path, new_path)
 def collect_spot_check_source_paths(
    repository, config, local_borg_version, global_arguments, local_path, remote_path
 ):
    '''
    Given a repository configuration dict, a configuration dict, the local Borg version, global
    arguments as an argparse.Namespace instance, the local Borg path, and the remote Borg path,
    collect the source paths that Borg would use in an actual create (but only include files).
    '''
    stream_processes = any(
        borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks(
            'use_streaming',
            config,
            repository['path'],
            borgmatic.hooks.dump.DATA_SOURCE_HOOK_NAMES,
        ).values()
    )
    (create_flags, create_positional_arguments, pattern_file, exclude_file) = (
        borgmatic.borg.create.make_base_create_command(
            dry_run=True,
            repository_path=repository['path'],
            config=config,
            config_paths=(),
            local_borg_version=local_borg_version,
            global_arguments=global_arguments,
            borgmatic_source_directories=(),
            local_path=local_path,
            remote_path=remote_path,
            list_files=True,
            stream_processes=stream_processes,
        )
    )
    borg_environment = borgmatic.borg.environment.make_environment(config)
    try:
        working_directory = os.path.expanduser(config.get('working_directory'))
    except TypeError:
        working_directory = None
    paths_output = borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
        create_flags + create_positional_arguments,
        capture_stderr=True,
        working_directory=working_directory,
        extra_environment=borg_environment,
        borg_local_path=local_path,
        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
    )
    paths = tuple(
        path_line.split(' ', 1)[1]
        for path_line in paths_output.split('\n')
        if path_line and path_line.startswith('- ') or path_line.startswith('+ ')
    )
    return tuple(path for path in paths if os.path.isfile(path))
 BORG_DIRECTORY_FILE_TYPE = 'd'
 def collect_spot_check_archive_paths(
    repository, archive, config, local_borg_version, global_arguments, local_path, remote_path
 ):
    '''
    Given a repository configuration dict, the name of the latest archive, a configuration dict, the
    local Borg version, global arguments as an argparse.Namespace instance, the local Borg path, and
    the remote Borg path, collect the paths from the given archive (but only include files and
    symlinks).
    '''
    borgmatic_source_directory = os.path.expanduser(
        config.get(
            'borgmatic_source_directory', borgmatic.borg.state.DEFAULT_BORGMATIC_SOURCE_DIRECTORY
        )
    )
    return tuple(
        path
        for line in borgmatic.borg.list.capture_archive_listing(
            repository['path'],
            archive,
            config,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
            path_format='{type} /{path}{NL}',  # noqa: FS003
            local_path=local_path,
            remote_path=remote_path,
        )
        for (file_type, path) in (line.split(' ', 1),)
        if file_type != BORG_DIRECTORY_FILE_TYPE
        if pathlib.Path(borgmatic_source_directory) not in pathlib.Path(path).parents
    )
 SAMPLE_PATHS_SUBSET_COUNT = 10000
 def compare_spot_check_hashes(
    repository,
    archive,
    config,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
    local_path,
    remote_path,
    log_label,
    source_paths,
 ):
    '''
    Given a repository configuration dict, the name of the latest archive, a configuration dict, the
    local Borg version, global arguments as an argparse.Namespace instance, the local Borg path, the
    remote Borg path, a log label, and spot check source paths, compare the hashes for a sampling of
    the source paths with hashes from corresponding paths in the given archive. Return a sequence of
    the paths that fail that hash comparison.
    '''
    # Based on the configured sample percentage, come up with a list of random sample files from the
    # source directories.
    spot_check_config = next(check for check in config['checks'] if check['name'] == 'spot')
    sample_count = max(
        int(len(source_paths) * (min(spot_check_config['data_sample_percentage'], 100) / 100)), 1
    )
    source_sample_paths = tuple(random.sample(source_paths, sample_count))
    existing_source_sample_paths = {
        source_path for source_path in source_sample_paths if os.path.exists(source_path)
    }
    logger.debug(
        f'{log_label}: Sampling {sample_count} source paths (~{spot_check_config["data_sample_percentage"]}%) for spot check'
    )
    source_sample_paths_iterator = iter(source_sample_paths)
    source_hashes = {}
    archive_hashes = {}
    # Only hash a few thousand files at a time (a subset of the total paths) to avoid an "Argument
    # list too long" shell error.
    while True:
        # Hash each file in the sample paths (if it exists).
        source_sample_paths_subset = tuple(
            itertools.islice(source_sample_paths_iterator, SAMPLE_PATHS_SUBSET_COUNT)
        )
        if not source_sample_paths_subset:
            break
        hash_output = borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
            (spot_check_config.get('xxh64sum_command', 'xxh64sum'),)
            + tuple(
                path for path in source_sample_paths_subset if path in existing_source_sample_paths
            )
        )
        source_hashes.update(
            **dict(
                (reversed(line.split('  ', 1)) for line in hash_output.splitlines()),
                # Represent non-existent files as having empty hashes so the comparison below still works.
                **{
                    path: ''
                    for path in source_sample_paths_subset
                    if path not in existing_source_sample_paths
                },
            )
        )
        # Get the hash for each file in the archive.
        archive_hashes.update(
            **dict(
                reversed(line.split(' ', 1))
                for line in borgmatic.borg.list.capture_archive_listing(
                    repository['path'],
                    archive,
                    config,
                    local_borg_version,
                    global_arguments,
                    list_paths=source_sample_paths_subset,
                    path_format='{xxh64} /{path}{NL}',  # noqa: FS003
                    local_path=local_path,
                    remote_path=remote_path,
                )
                if line
            )
        )
    # Compare the source hashes with the archive hashes to see how many match.
    failing_paths = []
    for path, source_hash in source_hashes.items():
        archive_hash = archive_hashes.get(path)
        if archive_hash is not None and archive_hash == source_hash:
            continue
        failing_paths.append(path)
    return tuple(failing_paths)
 def spot_check(
    repository,
    config,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
    local_path,
    remote_path,
 ):
    '''
    Given a repository dict, a loaded configuration dict, the local Borg version, global arguments
    as an argparse.Namespace instance, the local Borg path, and the remote Borg path, perform a spot
    check for the latest archive in the given repository.
    A spot check compares file counts and also the hashes for a random sampling of source files on
    disk to those stored in the latest archive. If any differences are beyond configured tolerances,
    then the check fails.
    '''
    log_label = f'{repository.get("label", repository["path"])}'
    logger.debug(f'{log_label}: Running spot check')
    try:
        spot_check_config = next(
            check for check in config.get('checks', ()) if check.get('name') == 'spot'
        )
    except StopIteration:
        raise ValueError('Cannot run spot check because it is unconfigured')
    if spot_check_config['data_tolerance_percentage'] > spot_check_config['data_sample_percentage']:
        raise ValueError(
            'The data_tolerance_percentage must be less than or equal to the data_sample_percentage'
        )
    source_paths = collect_spot_check_source_paths(
        repository,
        config,
        local_borg_version,
        global_arguments,
        local_path,
        remote_path,
    )
    logger.debug(f'{log_label}: {len(source_paths)} total source paths for spot check')
    archive = borgmatic.borg.rlist.resolve_archive_name(
        repository['path'],
        'latest',
        config,
        local_borg_version,
        global_arguments,
        local_path,
        remote_path,
    )
    logger.debug(f'{log_label}: Using archive {archive} for spot check')
    archive_paths = collect_spot_check_archive_paths(
        repository,
        archive,
        config,
        local_borg_version,
        global_arguments,
        local_path,
        remote_path,
    )
    logger.debug(f'{log_label}: {len(archive_paths)} total archive paths for spot check')
    # Calculate the percentage delta between the source paths count and the archive paths count, and
    # compare that delta to the configured count tolerance percentage.
    count_delta_percentage = abs(len(source_paths) - len(archive_paths)) / len(source_paths) * 100
    if count_delta_percentage > spot_check_config['count_tolerance_percentage']:
        logger.debug(
            f'{log_label}: Paths in source paths but not latest archive: {", ".join(set(source_paths) - set(archive_paths)) or "none"}'
        )
        logger.debug(
            f'{log_label}: Paths in latest archive but not source paths: {", ".join(set(archive_paths) - set(source_paths)) or "none"}'
        )
        raise ValueError(
            f'Spot check failed: {count_delta_percentage:.2f}% file count delta between source paths and latest archive (tolerance is {spot_check_config["count_tolerance_percentage"]}%)'
        )
    failing_paths = compare_spot_check_hashes(
        repository,
        archive,
        config,
        local_borg_version,
        global_arguments,
        local_path,
        remote_path,
        log_label,
        source_paths,
    )
    # Error if the percentage of failing hashes exceeds the configured tolerance percentage.
    logger.debug(f'{log_label}: {len(failing_paths)} non-matching spot check hashes')
    data_tolerance_percentage = spot_check_config['data_tolerance_percentage']
    failing_percentage = (len(failing_paths) / len(source_paths)) * 100
    if failing_percentage > data_tolerance_percentage:
        logger.debug(
            f'{log_label}: Source paths with data not matching the latest archive: {", ".join(failing_paths)}'
        )
        raise ValueError(
            f'Spot check failed: {failing_percentage:.2f}% of source paths with data not matching the latest archive (tolerance is {data_tolerance_percentage}%)'
        )
    logger.info(
        f'{log_label}: Spot check passed with a {count_delta_percentage:.2f}% file count delta and a {failing_percentage:.2f}% file data delta'
    )
 def run_check(
    config_filename,
    repository,
-    config,
+    location,
    storage,
    consistency,
    hooks,
    hook_context,
    local_borg_version,
    check_arguments,
@ -610,8 +23,6 @@ def run_check(
 ):
    '''
    Run the "check" action for the given repository.
    Raise ValueError if the Borg repository ID cannot be determined.
    '''
    if check_arguments.repository and not borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
        repository, check_arguments.repository
@ -619,79 +30,31 @@ def run_check(
        return
    borgmatic.hooks.command.execute_hook(
-        config.get('before_check'),
+        hooks.get('before_check'),
-        config.get('umask'),
+        hooks.get('umask'),
        config_filename,
        'pre-check',
        global_arguments.dry_run,
        **hook_context,
    )
    logger.info(f'{repository.get("label", repository["path"])}: Running consistency checks')
-    repository_id = borgmatic.borg.check.get_repository_id(
+    borgmatic.borg.check.check_archives(
        repository['path'],
-        config,
+        location,
        storage,
        consistency,
        local_borg_version,
        global_arguments,
        local_path=local_path,
        remote_path=remote_path,
        progress=check_arguments.progress,
        repair=check_arguments.repair,
        only_checks=check_arguments.only,
        force=check_arguments.force,
    )
    upgrade_check_times(config, repository_id)
    configured_checks = parse_checks(config, check_arguments.only_checks)
    archive_filter_flags = borgmatic.borg.check.make_archive_filter_flags(
        local_borg_version, config, configured_checks, check_arguments
    )
    archives_check_id = make_archives_check_id(archive_filter_flags)
    checks = filter_checks_on_frequency(
        config,
        repository_id,
        configured_checks,
        check_arguments.force,
        archives_check_id,
    )
    borg_specific_checks = set(checks).intersection({'repository', 'archives', 'data'})
    if borg_specific_checks:
        borgmatic.borg.check.check_archives(
            repository['path'],
            config,
            local_borg_version,
            check_arguments,
            global_arguments,
            borg_specific_checks,
            archive_filter_flags,
            local_path=local_path,
            remote_path=remote_path,
        )
        for check in borg_specific_checks:
            write_check_time(make_check_time_path(config, repository_id, check, archives_check_id))
    if 'extract' in checks:
        borgmatic.borg.extract.extract_last_archive_dry_run(
            config,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
            repository['path'],
            config.get('lock_wait'),
            local_path,
            remote_path,
        )
        write_check_time(make_check_time_path(config, repository_id, 'extract'))
    if 'spot' in checks:
        spot_check(
            repository,
            config,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
            local_path,
            remote_path,
        )
        write_check_time(make_check_time_path(config, repository_id, 'spot'))
    borgmatic.hooks.command.execute_hook(
-        config.get('after_check'),
+        hooks.get('after_check'),
-        config.get('umask'),
+        hooks.get('umask'),
        config_filename,
        'post-check',
        global_arguments.dry_run,
--- a/borgmatic/actions/compact.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/compact.py
@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def run_compact(
    config_filename,
    repository,
-    config,
+    storage,
    retention,
    hooks,
    hook_context,
    local_borg_version,
    compact_arguments,
@ -29,8 +31,8 @@ def run_compact(
        return
    borgmatic.hooks.command.execute_hook(
-        config.get('before_compact'),
+        hooks.get('before_compact'),
-        config.get('umask'),
+        hooks.get('umask'),
        config_filename,
        'pre-compact',
        global_arguments.dry_run,
@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ def run_compact(
        borgmatic.borg.compact.compact_segments(
            global_arguments.dry_run,
            repository['path'],
-            config,
+            storage,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
            local_path=local_path,
@ -57,8 +59,8 @@ def run_compact(
            f'{repository.get("label", repository["path"])}: Skipping compact (only available/needed in Borg 1.2+)'
        )
    borgmatic.hooks.command.execute_hook(
-        config.get('after_compact'),
+        hooks.get('after_compact'),
-        config.get('umask'),
+        hooks.get('umask'),
        config_filename,
        'post-compact',
        global_arguments.dry_run,
--- a/borgmatic/actions/config/bootstrap.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/config/bootstrap.py
@ -13,11 +13,14 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def get_config_paths(bootstrap_arguments, global_arguments, local_borg_version):
    '''
-    Given the bootstrap arguments as an argparse.Namespace (containing the repository and archive
+    Given:
-    name, borgmatic source directory, destination directory, and whether to strip components), the
+    The bootstrap arguments, which include the repository and archive name, borgmatic source directory,
-    global arguments as an argparse.Namespace (containing the dry run flag and the local borg
+    destination directory, and whether to strip components.
-    version), return the config paths from the manifest.json file in the borgmatic source directory
+    The global arguments, which include the dry run flag
-    after extracting it from the repository.
+    and the local borg version,
    Return:
    The config paths from the manifest.json file in the borgmatic source directory after extracting it from the
    repository.
    Raise ValueError if the manifest JSON is missing, can't be decoded, or doesn't contain the
    expected configuration path data.
@ -28,26 +31,25 @@ def get_config_paths(bootstrap_arguments, global_arguments, local_borg_version):
    borgmatic_manifest_path = os.path.expanduser(
        os.path.join(borgmatic_source_directory, 'bootstrap', 'manifest.json')
    )
    config = {'ssh_command': bootstrap_arguments.ssh_command}
    extract_process = borgmatic.borg.extract.extract_archive(
        global_arguments.dry_run,
        bootstrap_arguments.repository,
        borgmatic.borg.rlist.resolve_archive_name(
            bootstrap_arguments.repository,
            bootstrap_arguments.archive,
-            config,
+            {},
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
        ),
        [borgmatic_manifest_path],
-        config,
+        {},
        {},
        local_borg_version,
        global_arguments,
        extract_to_stdout=True,
    )
    manifest_json = extract_process.stdout.read()
    manifest_json = extract_process.stdout.read()
    if not manifest_json:
        raise ValueError(
            'Cannot read configuration paths from archive due to missing bootstrap manifest'
@ -78,7 +80,6 @@ def run_bootstrap(bootstrap_arguments, global_arguments, local_borg_version):
    manifest_config_paths = get_config_paths(
        bootstrap_arguments, global_arguments, local_borg_version
    )
    config = {'ssh_command': bootstrap_arguments.ssh_command}
    logger.info(f"Bootstrapping config paths: {', '.join(manifest_config_paths)}")
@ -88,12 +89,13 @@ def run_bootstrap(bootstrap_arguments, global_arguments, local_borg_version):
        borgmatic.borg.rlist.resolve_archive_name(
            bootstrap_arguments.repository,
            bootstrap_arguments.archive,
-            config,
+            {},
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
        ),
        [config_path.lstrip(os.path.sep) for config_path in manifest_config_paths],
-        config,
+        {},
        {},
        local_borg_version,
        global_arguments,
        extract_to_stdout=False,
--- a/borgmatic/actions/config/generate.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/config/generate.py
@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import logging
 import borgmatic.config.generate
 import borgmatic.config.validate
 import borgmatic.logger
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ def run_generate(generate_arguments, global_arguments):
    Raise FileExistsError if a file already exists at the destination path and the generate
    arguments do not have overwrite set.
    '''
    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()
    dry_run_label = ' (dry run; not actually writing anything)' if global_arguments.dry_run else ''
    logger.answer(
--- a/borgmatic/actions/config/validate.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/config/validate.py
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import logging
 import borgmatic.config.generate
 import borgmatic.logger
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@ -15,8 +14,6 @@ def run_validate(validate_arguments, configs):
    loading machinery prior to here, so this function mainly exists to support additional validate
    flags like "--show".
    '''
    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()
    if validate_arguments.show:
        for config_path, config in configs.items():
            if len(configs) > 1:
--- a/borgmatic/actions/create.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/create.py
@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 import importlib.metadata
 import json
 import logging
 import os
-import borgmatic.actions.json
+try:
    import importlib_metadata
 except ModuleNotFoundError:  # pragma: nocover
    import importlib.metadata as importlib_metadata
 import borgmatic.borg.create
 import borgmatic.borg.state
 import borgmatic.config.validate
@ -14,7 +17,7 @@ import borgmatic.hooks.dump
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-def create_borgmatic_manifest(config, config_paths, dry_run):
+def create_borgmatic_manifest(location, config_paths, dry_run):
    '''
    Create a borgmatic manifest file to store the paths to the configuration files used to create
    the archive.
@ -22,7 +25,7 @@ def create_borgmatic_manifest(config, config_paths, dry_run):
    if dry_run:
        return
-    borgmatic_source_directory = config.get(
+    borgmatic_source_directory = location.get(
        'borgmatic_source_directory', borgmatic.borg.state.DEFAULT_BORGMATIC_SOURCE_DIRECTORY
    )
@ -36,7 +39,7 @@ def create_borgmatic_manifest(config, config_paths, dry_run):
    with open(borgmatic_manifest_path, 'w') as config_list_file:
        json.dump(
            {
-                'borgmatic_version': importlib.metadata.version('borgmatic'),
+                'borgmatic_version': importlib_metadata.version('borgmatic'),
                'config_paths': config_paths,
            },
            config_list_file,
@ -46,8 +49,9 @@ def create_borgmatic_manifest(config, config_paths, dry_run):
 def run_create(
    config_filename,
    repository,
-    config,
+    location,
-    config_paths,
+    storage,
    hooks,
    hook_context,
    local_borg_version,
    create_arguments,
@ -67,8 +71,8 @@ def run_create(
        return
    borgmatic.hooks.command.execute_hook(
-        config.get('before_backup'),
+        hooks.get('before_backup'),
-        config.get('umask'),
+        hooks.get('umask'),
        config_filename,
        'pre-backup',
        global_arguments.dry_run,
@ -76,32 +80,31 @@ def run_create(
    )
    logger.info(f'{repository.get("label", repository["path"])}: Creating archive{dry_run_label}')
    borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks_even_if_unconfigured(
-        'remove_data_source_dumps',
+        'remove_database_dumps',
-        config,
+        hooks,
        repository['path'],
-        borgmatic.hooks.dump.DATA_SOURCE_HOOK_NAMES,
+        borgmatic.hooks.dump.DATABASE_HOOK_NAMES,
        location,
        global_arguments.dry_run,
    )
    active_dumps = borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks(
-        'dump_data_sources',
+        'dump_databases',
-        config,
+        hooks,
        repository['path'],
-        borgmatic.hooks.dump.DATA_SOURCE_HOOK_NAMES,
+        borgmatic.hooks.dump.DATABASE_HOOK_NAMES,
        location,
        global_arguments.dry_run,
    )
-    if config.get('store_config_files', True):
+    create_borgmatic_manifest(
-        create_borgmatic_manifest(
+        location, global_arguments.used_config_paths, global_arguments.dry_run
-            config,
+    )
            config_paths,
            global_arguments.dry_run,
        )
    stream_processes = [process for processes in active_dumps.values() for process in processes]
    json_output = borgmatic.borg.create.create_archive(
        global_arguments.dry_run,
        repository['path'],
-        config,
+        location,
-        config_paths,
+        storage,
        local_borg_version,
        global_arguments,
        local_path=local_path,
@ -112,19 +115,20 @@ def run_create(
        list_files=create_arguments.list_files,
        stream_processes=stream_processes,
    )
-    if json_output:
+    if json_output:  # pragma: nocover
-        yield borgmatic.actions.json.parse_json(json_output, repository.get('label'))
+        yield json.loads(json_output)
    borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks_even_if_unconfigured(
-        'remove_data_source_dumps',
+        'remove_database_dumps',
-        config,
+        hooks,
        config_filename,
-        borgmatic.hooks.dump.DATA_SOURCE_HOOK_NAMES,
+        borgmatic.hooks.dump.DATABASE_HOOK_NAMES,
        location,
        global_arguments.dry_run,
    )
    borgmatic.hooks.command.execute_hook(
-        config.get('after_backup'),
+        hooks.get('after_backup'),
-        config.get('umask'),
+        hooks.get('umask'),
        config_filename,
        'post-backup',
        global_arguments.dry_run,
--- a/borgmatic/actions/export_key.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/export_key.py
@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
 import logging
 import borgmatic.borg.export_key
 import borgmatic.config.validate
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def run_export_key(
    repository,
    config,
    local_borg_version,
    export_arguments,
    global_arguments,
    local_path,
    remote_path,
 ):
    '''
    Run the "key export" action for the given repository.
    '''
    if export_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
        repository, export_arguments.repository
    ):
        logger.info(f'{repository.get("label", repository["path"])}: Exporting repository key')
        borgmatic.borg.export_key.export_key(
            repository['path'],
            config,
            local_borg_version,
            export_arguments,
            global_arguments,
            local_path=local_path,
            remote_path=remote_path,
        )
--- a/borgmatic/actions/export_tar.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/export_tar.py
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def run_export_tar(
    repository,
-    config,
+    storage,
    local_borg_version,
    export_tar_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def run_export_tar(
            borgmatic.borg.rlist.resolve_archive_name(
                repository['path'],
                export_tar_arguments.archive,
-                config,
+                storage,
                local_borg_version,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def run_export_tar(
            ),
            export_tar_arguments.paths,
            export_tar_arguments.destination,
-            config,
+            storage,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
            local_path=local_path,
--- a/borgmatic/actions/extract.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/extract.py
@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def run_extract(
    config_filename,
    repository,
-    config,
+    location,
    storage,
    hooks,
    hook_context,
    local_borg_version,
    extract_arguments,
@ -23,8 +25,8 @@ def run_extract(
    Run the "extract" action for the given repository.
    '''
    borgmatic.hooks.command.execute_hook(
-        config.get('before_extract'),
+        hooks.get('before_extract'),
-        config.get('umask'),
+        hooks.get('umask'),
        config_filename,
        'pre-extract',
        global_arguments.dry_run,
@ -42,14 +44,15 @@ def run_extract(
            borgmatic.borg.rlist.resolve_archive_name(
                repository['path'],
                extract_arguments.archive,
-                config,
+                storage,
                local_borg_version,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            ),
            extract_arguments.paths,
-            config,
+            location,
            storage,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
            local_path=local_path,
@ -59,8 +62,8 @@ def run_extract(
            progress=extract_arguments.progress,
        )
    borgmatic.hooks.command.execute_hook(
-        config.get('after_extract'),
+        hooks.get('after_extract'),
-        config.get('umask'),
+        hooks.get('umask'),
        config_filename,
        'post-extract',
        global_arguments.dry_run,
--- a/borgmatic/actions/info.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/info.py
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import json
 import logging
 import borgmatic.actions.arguments
 import borgmatic.actions.json
 import borgmatic.borg.info
 import borgmatic.borg.rlist
 import borgmatic.config.validate
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def run_info(
    repository,
-    config,
+    storage,
    local_borg_version,
    info_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ def run_info(
    if info_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
        repository, info_arguments.repository
    ):
-        if not info_arguments.json:
+        if not info_arguments.json:  # pragma: nocover
            logger.answer(
                f'{repository.get("label", repository["path"])}: Displaying archive summary information'
            )
        archive_name = borgmatic.borg.rlist.resolve_archive_name(
            repository['path'],
            info_arguments.archive,
-            config,
+            storage,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
            local_path,
@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ def run_info(
        )
        json_output = borgmatic.borg.info.display_archives_info(
            repository['path'],
-            config,
+            storage,
            local_borg_version,
            borgmatic.actions.arguments.update_arguments(info_arguments, archive=archive_name),
            global_arguments,
            local_path,
            remote_path,
        )
-        if json_output:
+        if json_output:  # pragma: nocover
-            yield borgmatic.actions.json.parse_json(json_output, repository.get('label'))
+            yield json.loads(json_output)
--- a/borgmatic/actions/json.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/json.py
@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
 import json
 import logging
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def parse_json(borg_json_output, label):
    '''
    Given a Borg JSON output string, parse it as JSON into a dict. Inject the given borgmatic
    repository label into it and return the dict.
    Raise JSONDecodeError if the JSON output cannot be parsed.
    '''
    lines = borg_json_output.splitlines()
    start_line_index = 0
    # Scan forward to find the first line starting with "{" and assume that's where the JSON starts.
    for line_index, line in enumerate(lines):
        if line.startswith('{'):
            start_line_index = line_index
            break
    json_data = json.loads('\n'.join(lines[start_line_index:]))
    if 'repository' not in json_data:
        return json_data
    json_data['repository']['label'] = label or ''
    return json_data
--- a/borgmatic/actions/list.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/list.py
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import json
 import logging
 import borgmatic.actions.arguments
 import borgmatic.actions.json
 import borgmatic.borg.list
 import borgmatic.config.validate
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def run_list(
    repository,
-    config,
+    storage,
    local_borg_version,
    list_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -25,16 +25,16 @@ def run_list(
    if list_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
        repository, list_arguments.repository
    ):
-        if not list_arguments.json:
+        if not list_arguments.json:  # pragma: nocover
-            if list_arguments.find_paths:  # pragma: no cover
+            if list_arguments.find_paths:
                logger.answer(f'{repository.get("label", repository["path"])}: Searching archives')
-            elif not list_arguments.archive:  # pragma: no cover
+            elif not list_arguments.archive:
                logger.answer(f'{repository.get("label", repository["path"])}: Listing archives')
        archive_name = borgmatic.borg.rlist.resolve_archive_name(
            repository['path'],
            list_arguments.archive,
-            config,
+            storage,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
            local_path,
@ -42,12 +42,12 @@ def run_list(
        )
        json_output = borgmatic.borg.list.list_archive(
            repository['path'],
-            config,
+            storage,
            local_borg_version,
            borgmatic.actions.arguments.update_arguments(list_arguments, archive=archive_name),
            global_arguments,
            local_path,
            remote_path,
        )
-        if json_output:
+        if json_output:  # pragma: nocover
-            yield borgmatic.actions.json.parse_json(json_output, repository.get('label'))
+            yield json.loads(json_output)
--- a/borgmatic/actions/mount.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/mount.py
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def run_mount(
    repository,
-    config,
+    storage,
    local_borg_version,
    mount_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ def run_mount(
            borgmatic.borg.rlist.resolve_archive_name(
                repository['path'],
                mount_arguments.archive,
-                config,
+                storage,
                local_borg_version,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            ),
            mount_arguments,
-            config,
+            storage,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
            local_path=local_path,
--- a/borgmatic/actions/prune.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/prune.py
@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def run_prune(
    config_filename,
    repository,
-    config,
+    storage,
    retention,
    hooks,
    hook_context,
    local_borg_version,
    prune_arguments,
@ -28,8 +30,8 @@ def run_prune(
        return
    borgmatic.hooks.command.execute_hook(
-        config.get('before_prune'),
+        hooks.get('before_prune'),
-        config.get('umask'),
+        hooks.get('umask'),
        config_filename,
        'pre-prune',
        global_arguments.dry_run,
@ -39,7 +41,8 @@ def run_prune(
    borgmatic.borg.prune.prune_archives(
        global_arguments.dry_run,
        repository['path'],
-        config,
+        storage,
        retention,
        local_borg_version,
        prune_arguments,
        global_arguments,
@ -47,8 +50,8 @@ def run_prune(
        remote_path=remote_path,
    )
    borgmatic.hooks.command.execute_hook(
-        config.get('after_prune'),
+        hooks.get('after_prune'),
-        config.get('umask'),
+        hooks.get('umask'),
        config_filename,
        'post-prune',
        global_arguments.dry_run,
--- a/borgmatic/actions/rcreate.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/rcreate.py
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def run_rcreate(
    repository,
-    config,
+    storage,
    local_borg_version,
    rcreate_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def run_rcreate(
    borgmatic.borg.rcreate.create_repository(
        global_arguments.dry_run,
        repository['path'],
-        config,
+        storage,
        local_borg_version,
        global_arguments,
        rcreate_arguments.encryption_mode,
--- a/borgmatic/actions/restore.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/restore.py
@ -17,86 +17,85 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 UNSPECIFIED_HOOK = object()
-def get_configured_data_source(
+def get_configured_database(
-    config,
+    hooks, archive_database_names, hook_name, database_name, configuration_database_name=None
    archive_data_source_names,
    hook_name,
    data_source_name,
    configuration_data_source_name=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Find the first data source with the given hook name and data source name in the configuration
+    Find the first database with the given hook name and database name in the configured hooks
-    dict and the given archive data source names dict (from hook name to data source names contained
+    dict and the given archive database names dict (from hook name to database names contained in
-    in a particular backup archive). If UNSPECIFIED_HOOK is given as the hook name, search all data
+    a particular backup archive). If UNSPECIFIED_HOOK is given as the hook name, search all database
-    source hooks for the named data source. If a configuration data source name is given, use that
+    hooks for the named database. If a configuration database name is given, use that instead of the
-    instead of the data source name to lookup the data source in the given hooks configuration.
+    database name to lookup the database in the given hooks configuration.
-    Return the found data source as a tuple of (found hook name, data source configuration dict) or
+    Return the found database as a tuple of (found hook name, database configuration dict).
    (None, None) if not found.
    '''
-    if not configuration_data_source_name:
+    if not configuration_database_name:
-        configuration_data_source_name = data_source_name
+        configuration_database_name = database_name
    if hook_name == UNSPECIFIED_HOOK:
-        hooks_to_search = {
+        hooks_to_search = hooks
            hook_name: value
            for (hook_name, value) in config.items()
            if hook_name in borgmatic.hooks.dump.DATA_SOURCE_HOOK_NAMES
        }
    else:
-        try:
+        hooks_to_search = {hook_name: hooks[hook_name]}
            hooks_to_search = {hook_name: config[hook_name]}
        except KeyError:
            return (None, None)
    return next(
        (
-            (name, hook_data_source)
+            (name, hook_database)
            for (name, hook) in hooks_to_search.items()
-            for hook_data_source in hook
+            for hook_database in hook
-            if hook_data_source['name'] == configuration_data_source_name
+            if hook_database['name'] == configuration_database_name
-            and data_source_name in archive_data_source_names.get(name, [])
+            and database_name in archive_database_names.get(name, [])
        ),
        (None, None),
    )
-def restore_single_data_source(
+def get_configured_hook_name_and_database(hooks, database_name):
    '''
    Find the hook name and first database dict with the given database name in the configured hooks
    dict. This searches across all database hooks.
    '''
 def restore_single_database(
    repository,
-    config,
+    location,
    storage,
    hooks,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
    local_path,
    remote_path,
    archive_name,
    hook_name,
-    data_source,
+    database,
    connection_params,
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
-    Given (among other things) an archive name, a data source hook name, the hostname, port,
+    Given (among other things) an archive name, a database hook name, the hostname,
-    username/password as connection params, and a configured data source configuration dict, restore
+    port, username and password as connection params, and a configured database
-    that data source from the archive.
+    configuration dict, restore that database from the archive.
    '''
    logger.info(
-        f'{repository.get("label", repository["path"])}: Restoring data source {data_source["name"]}'
+        f'{repository.get("label", repository["path"])}: Restoring database {database["name"]}'
    )
    dump_pattern = borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks(
-        'make_data_source_dump_pattern',
+        'make_database_dump_pattern',
-        config,
+        hooks,
        repository['path'],
-        borgmatic.hooks.dump.DATA_SOURCE_HOOK_NAMES,
+        borgmatic.hooks.dump.DATABASE_HOOK_NAMES,
-        data_source['name'],
+        location,
        database['name'],
    )[hook_name]
-    # Kick off a single data source extract to stdout.
+    # Kick off a single database extract to stdout.
    extract_process = borgmatic.borg.extract.extract_archive(
        dry_run=global_arguments.dry_run,
        repository=repository['path'],
        archive=archive_name,
        paths=borgmatic.hooks.dump.convert_glob_patterns_to_borg_patterns([dump_pattern]),
-        config=config,
+        location_config=location,
        storage_config=storage,
        local_borg_version=local_borg_version,
        global_arguments=global_arguments,
        local_path=local_path,
@ -104,90 +103,89 @@ def restore_single_data_source(
        destination_path='/',
        # A directory format dump isn't a single file, and therefore can't extract
        # to stdout. In this case, the extract_process return value is None.
-        extract_to_stdout=bool(data_source.get('format') != 'directory'),
+        extract_to_stdout=bool(database.get('format') != 'directory'),
    )
-    # Run a single data source restore, consuming the extract stdout (if any).
+    # Run a single database restore, consuming the extract stdout (if any).
    borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks(
-        function_name='restore_data_source_dump',
+        'restore_database_dump',
-        config=config,
+        {hook_name: [database]},
-        log_prefix=repository['path'],
+        repository['path'],
-        hook_names=[hook_name],
+        borgmatic.hooks.dump.DATABASE_HOOK_NAMES,
-        data_source=data_source,
+        location,
-        dry_run=global_arguments.dry_run,
+        global_arguments.dry_run,
-        extract_process=extract_process,
+        extract_process,
-        connection_params=connection_params,
+        connection_params,
    )
-def collect_archive_data_source_names(
+def collect_archive_database_names(
    repository,
    archive,
-    config,
+    location,
    storage,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
    local_path,
    remote_path,
 ):
    '''
-    Given a local or remote repository path, a resolved archive name, a configuration dict, the
+    Given a local or remote repository path, a resolved archive name, a location configuration dict,
-    local Borg version, global_arguments an argparse.Namespace, and local and remote Borg paths,
+    a storage configuration dict, the local Borg version, global_arguments an argparse.Namespace,
-    query the archive for the names of data sources it contains as dumps and return them as a dict
+    and local and remote Borg paths, query the archive for the names of databases it contains and
-    from hook name to a sequence of data source names.
+    return them as a dict from hook name to a sequence of database names.
    '''
    borgmatic_source_directory = os.path.expanduser(
-        config.get(
+        location.get(
            'borgmatic_source_directory', borgmatic.borg.state.DEFAULT_BORGMATIC_SOURCE_DIRECTORY
        )
    ).lstrip('/')
    parent_dump_path = os.path.expanduser(
        borgmatic.hooks.dump.make_database_dump_path(borgmatic_source_directory, '*_databases/*/*')
    )
    dump_paths = borgmatic.borg.list.capture_archive_listing(
        repository,
        archive,
-        config,
+        storage,
        local_borg_version,
        global_arguments,
-        list_paths=[
+        list_path=parent_dump_path,
            os.path.expanduser(
                borgmatic.hooks.dump.make_data_source_dump_path(borgmatic_source_directory, pattern)
            )
            for pattern in ('*_databases/*/*',)
        ],
        local_path=local_path,
        remote_path=remote_path,
    )
-    # Determine the data source names corresponding to the dumps found in the archive and
+    # Determine the database names corresponding to the dumps found in the archive and
    # add them to restore_names.
-    archive_data_source_names = {}
+    archive_database_names = {}
    for dump_path in dump_paths:
        try:
-            (hook_name, _, data_source_name) = dump_path.split(
+            (hook_name, _, database_name) = dump_path.split(
                borgmatic_source_directory + os.path.sep, 1
            )[1].split(os.path.sep)[0:3]
        except (ValueError, IndexError):
            logger.warning(
-                f'{repository}: Ignoring invalid data source dump path "{dump_path}" in archive {archive}'
+                f'{repository}: Ignoring invalid database dump path "{dump_path}" in archive {archive}'
            )
        else:
-            if data_source_name not in archive_data_source_names.get(hook_name, []):
+            if database_name not in archive_database_names.get(hook_name, []):
-                archive_data_source_names.setdefault(hook_name, []).extend([data_source_name])
+                archive_database_names.setdefault(hook_name, []).extend([database_name])
-    return archive_data_source_names
+    return archive_database_names
-def find_data_sources_to_restore(requested_data_source_names, archive_data_source_names):
+def find_databases_to_restore(requested_database_names, archive_database_names):
    '''
-    Given a sequence of requested data source names to restore and a dict of hook name to the names
+    Given a sequence of requested database names to restore and a dict of hook name to the names of
-    of data sources found in an archive, return an expanded sequence of data source names to
+    databases found in an archive, return an expanded sequence of database names to restore,
-    restore, replacing "all" with actual data source names as appropriate.
+    replacing "all" with actual database names as appropriate.
-    Raise ValueError if any of the requested data source names cannot be found in the archive.
+    Raise ValueError if any of the requested database names cannot be found in the archive.
    '''
-    # A map from data source hook name to the data source names to restore for that hook.
+    # A map from database hook name to the database names to restore for that hook.
    restore_names = (
-        {UNSPECIFIED_HOOK: requested_data_source_names}
+        {UNSPECIFIED_HOOK: requested_database_names}
-        if requested_data_source_names
+        if requested_database_names
        else {UNSPECIFIED_HOOK: ['all']}
    )
@ -196,65 +194,64 @@ def find_data_sources_to_restore(requested_data_source_names, archive_data_sourc
    if 'all' in restore_names[UNSPECIFIED_HOOK]:
        restore_names[UNSPECIFIED_HOOK].remove('all')
-        for hook_name, data_source_names in archive_data_source_names.items():
+        for hook_name, database_names in archive_database_names.items():
-            restore_names.setdefault(hook_name, []).extend(data_source_names)
+            restore_names.setdefault(hook_name, []).extend(database_names)
-            # If a data source is to be restored as part of "all", then remove it from restore names
+            # If a database is to be restored as part of "all", then remove it from restore names so
-            # so it doesn't get restored twice.
+            # it doesn't get restored twice.
-            for data_source_name in data_source_names:
+            for database_name in database_names:
-                if data_source_name in restore_names[UNSPECIFIED_HOOK]:
+                if database_name in restore_names[UNSPECIFIED_HOOK]:
-                    restore_names[UNSPECIFIED_HOOK].remove(data_source_name)
+                    restore_names[UNSPECIFIED_HOOK].remove(database_name)
    if not restore_names[UNSPECIFIED_HOOK]:
        restore_names.pop(UNSPECIFIED_HOOK)
    combined_restore_names = set(
-        name for data_source_names in restore_names.values() for name in data_source_names
+        name for database_names in restore_names.values() for name in database_names
    )
-    combined_archive_data_source_names = set(
+    combined_archive_database_names = set(
-        name
+        name for database_names in archive_database_names.values() for name in database_names
        for data_source_names in archive_data_source_names.values()
        for name in data_source_names
    )
-    missing_names = sorted(set(combined_restore_names) - combined_archive_data_source_names)
+    missing_names = sorted(set(combined_restore_names) - combined_archive_database_names)
    if missing_names:
        joined_names = ', '.join(f'"{name}"' for name in missing_names)
        raise ValueError(
-            f"Cannot restore data source{'s' if len(missing_names) > 1 else ''} {joined_names} missing from archive"
+            f"Cannot restore database{'s' if len(missing_names) > 1 else ''} {joined_names} missing from archive"
        )
    return restore_names
-def ensure_data_sources_found(restore_names, remaining_restore_names, found_names):
+def ensure_databases_found(restore_names, remaining_restore_names, found_names):
    '''
-    Given a dict from hook name to data source names to restore, a dict from hook name to remaining
+    Given a dict from hook name to database names to restore, a dict from hook name to remaining
-    data source names to restore, and a sequence of found (actually restored) data source names,
+    database names to restore, and a sequence of found (actually restored) database names, raise
-    raise ValueError if requested data source to restore were missing from the archive and/or
+    ValueError if requested databases to restore were missing from the archive and/or configuration.
    configuration.
    '''
    combined_restore_names = set(
        name
-        for data_source_names in tuple(restore_names.values())
+        for database_names in tuple(restore_names.values())
        + tuple(remaining_restore_names.values())
-        for name in data_source_names
+        for name in database_names
    )
    if not combined_restore_names and not found_names:
-        raise ValueError('No data sources were found to restore')
+        raise ValueError('No databases were found to restore')
    missing_names = sorted(set(combined_restore_names) - set(found_names))
    if missing_names:
        joined_names = ', '.join(f'"{name}"' for name in missing_names)
        raise ValueError(
-            f"Cannot restore data source{'s' if len(missing_names) > 1 else ''} {joined_names} missing from borgmatic's configuration"
+            f"Cannot restore database{'s' if len(missing_names) > 1 else ''} {joined_names} missing from borgmatic's configuration"
        )
 def run_restore(
    repository,
-    config,
+    location,
    storage,
    hooks,
    local_borg_version,
    restore_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -265,7 +262,7 @@ def run_restore(
    Run the "restore" action for the given repository, but only if the repository matches the
    requested repository in restore arguments.
-    Raise ValueError if a configured data source could not be found to restore.
+    Raise ValueError if a configured database could not be found to restore.
    '''
    if restore_arguments.repository and not borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
        repository, restore_arguments.repository
@ -273,38 +270,38 @@ def run_restore(
        return
    logger.info(
-        f'{repository.get("label", repository["path"])}: Restoring data sources from archive {restore_arguments.archive}'
+        f'{repository.get("label", repository["path"])}: Restoring databases from archive {restore_arguments.archive}'
    )
    borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks_even_if_unconfigured(
-        'remove_data_source_dumps',
+        'remove_database_dumps',
-        config,
+        hooks,
        repository['path'],
-        borgmatic.hooks.dump.DATA_SOURCE_HOOK_NAMES,
+        borgmatic.hooks.dump.DATABASE_HOOK_NAMES,
        location,
        global_arguments.dry_run,
    )
    archive_name = borgmatic.borg.rlist.resolve_archive_name(
        repository['path'],
        restore_arguments.archive,
-        config,
+        storage,
        local_borg_version,
        global_arguments,
        local_path,
        remote_path,
    )
-    archive_data_source_names = collect_archive_data_source_names(
+    archive_database_names = collect_archive_database_names(
        repository['path'],
        archive_name,
-        config,
+        location,
        storage,
        local_borg_version,
        global_arguments,
        local_path,
        remote_path,
    )
-    restore_names = find_data_sources_to_restore(
+    restore_names = find_databases_to_restore(restore_arguments.databases, archive_database_names)
        restore_arguments.data_sources, archive_data_source_names
    )
    found_names = set()
    remaining_restore_names = {}
    connection_params = {
@ -315,66 +312,71 @@ def run_restore(
        'restore_path': restore_arguments.restore_path,
    }
-    for hook_name, data_source_names in restore_names.items():
+    for hook_name, database_names in restore_names.items():
-        for data_source_name in data_source_names:
+        for database_name in database_names:
-            found_hook_name, found_data_source = get_configured_data_source(
+            found_hook_name, found_database = get_configured_database(
-                config, archive_data_source_names, hook_name, data_source_name
+                hooks, archive_database_names, hook_name, database_name
            )
-            if not found_data_source:
+            if not found_database:
                remaining_restore_names.setdefault(found_hook_name or hook_name, []).append(
-                    data_source_name
+                    database_name
                )
                continue
-            found_names.add(data_source_name)
+            found_names.add(database_name)
-            restore_single_data_source(
+            restore_single_database(
                repository,
-                config,
+                location,
                storage,
                hooks,
                local_borg_version,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
                archive_name,
                found_hook_name or hook_name,
-                dict(found_data_source, **{'schemas': restore_arguments.schemas}),
+                dict(found_database, **{'schemas': restore_arguments.schemas}),
                connection_params,
            )
-    # For any data sources that weren't found via exact matches in the configuration, try to
+    # For any database that weren't found via exact matches in the hooks configuration, try to
    # fallback to "all" entries.
-    for hook_name, data_source_names in remaining_restore_names.items():
+    for hook_name, database_names in remaining_restore_names.items():
-        for data_source_name in data_source_names:
+        for database_name in database_names:
-            found_hook_name, found_data_source = get_configured_data_source(
+            found_hook_name, found_database = get_configured_database(
-                config, archive_data_source_names, hook_name, data_source_name, 'all'
+                hooks, archive_database_names, hook_name, database_name, 'all'
            )
-            if not found_data_source:
+            if not found_database:
                continue
-            found_names.add(data_source_name)
+            found_names.add(database_name)
-            data_source = copy.copy(found_data_source)
+            database = copy.copy(found_database)
-            data_source['name'] = data_source_name
+            database['name'] = database_name
-            restore_single_data_source(
+            restore_single_database(
                repository,
-                config,
+                location,
                storage,
                hooks,
                local_borg_version,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
                archive_name,
                found_hook_name or hook_name,
-                dict(data_source, **{'schemas': restore_arguments.schemas}),
+                dict(database, **{'schemas': restore_arguments.schemas}),
                connection_params,
            )
    borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks_even_if_unconfigured(
-        'remove_data_source_dumps',
+        'remove_database_dumps',
-        config,
+        hooks,
        repository['path'],
-        borgmatic.hooks.dump.DATA_SOURCE_HOOK_NAMES,
+        borgmatic.hooks.dump.DATABASE_HOOK_NAMES,
        location,
        global_arguments.dry_run,
    )
-    ensure_data_sources_found(restore_names, remaining_restore_names, found_names)
+    ensure_databases_found(restore_names, remaining_restore_names, found_names)
--- a/borgmatic/actions/rinfo.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/rinfo.py
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import json
 import logging
 import borgmatic.actions.json
 import borgmatic.borg.rinfo
 import borgmatic.config.validate
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def run_rinfo(
    repository,
-    config,
+    storage,
    local_borg_version,
    rinfo_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -24,19 +24,19 @@ def run_rinfo(
    if rinfo_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
        repository, rinfo_arguments.repository
    ):
-        if not rinfo_arguments.json:
+        if not rinfo_arguments.json:  # pragma: nocover
            logger.answer(
                f'{repository.get("label", repository["path"])}: Displaying repository summary information'
            )
        json_output = borgmatic.borg.rinfo.display_repository_info(
            repository['path'],
-            config,
+            storage,
            local_borg_version,
            rinfo_arguments=rinfo_arguments,
            global_arguments=global_arguments,
            local_path=local_path,
            remote_path=remote_path,
        )
-        if json_output:
+        if json_output:  # pragma: nocover
-            yield borgmatic.actions.json.parse_json(json_output, repository.get('label'))
+            yield json.loads(json_output)
--- a/borgmatic/actions/rlist.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/rlist.py
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import json
 import logging
 import borgmatic.actions.json
 import borgmatic.borg.rlist
 import borgmatic.config.validate
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def run_rlist(
    repository,
-    config,
+    storage,
    local_borg_version,
    rlist_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -24,17 +24,17 @@ def run_rlist(
    if rlist_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
        repository, rlist_arguments.repository
    ):
-        if not rlist_arguments.json:
+        if not rlist_arguments.json:  # pragma: nocover
            logger.answer(f'{repository.get("label", repository["path"])}: Listing repository')
        json_output = borgmatic.borg.rlist.list_repository(
            repository['path'],
-            config,
+            storage,
            local_borg_version,
            rlist_arguments=rlist_arguments,
            global_arguments=global_arguments,
            local_path=local_path,
            remote_path=remote_path,
        )
-        if json_output:
+        if json_output:  # pragma: nocover
-            yield borgmatic.actions.json.parse_json(json_output, repository.get('label'))
+            yield json.loads(json_output)
--- a/borgmatic/actions/transfer.py
+++ b/borgmatic/actions/transfer.py
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def run_transfer(
    repository,
-    config,
+    storage,
    local_borg_version,
    transfer_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def run_transfer(
    borgmatic.borg.transfer.transfer_archives(
        global_arguments.dry_run,
        repository['path'],
-        config,
+        storage,
        local_borg_version,
        transfer_arguments,
        global_arguments,
--- a/borgmatic/borg/borg.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/borg.py
@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import logging
 import shlex
 import borgmatic.commands.arguments
 import borgmatic.logger
@ -14,7 +13,7 @@ BORG_SUBCOMMANDS_WITH_SUBCOMMANDS = {'key', 'debug'}
 def run_arbitrary_borg(
    repository_path,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    options,
    archive=None,
@ -22,13 +21,13 @@ def run_arbitrary_borg(
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, the local Borg version, a
+    Given a local or remote repository path, a storage config dict, the local Borg version, a
    sequence of arbitrary command-line Borg options, and an optional archive name, run an arbitrary
    Borg command, passing in REPOSITORY and ARCHIVE environment variables for optional use in the
    command.
    '''
    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()
-    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait', None)
+    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
    try:
        options = options[1:] if options[0] == '--' else options
@ -57,16 +56,15 @@ def run_arbitrary_borg(
    )
    return execute_command(
-        tuple(shlex.quote(part) for part in full_command),
+        full_command,
        output_file=DO_NOT_CAPTURE,
        borg_local_path=local_path,
        shell=True,
        extra_environment=dict(
-            (environment.make_environment(config) or {}),
+            (environment.make_environment(storage_config) or {}),
            **{
                'BORG_REPO': repository_path,
                'ARCHIVE': archive if archive else '',
            },
        ),
        borg_local_path=local_path,
        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
    )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/break_lock.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/break_lock.py
@ -8,19 +8,19 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def break_lock(
    repository_path,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
    local_path='borg',
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, the local Borg version, an
+    Given a local or remote repository path, a storage configuration dict, the local Borg version,
-    argparse.Namespace of global arguments, and optional local and remote Borg paths, break any
+    an argparse.Namespace of global arguments, and optional local and remote Borg paths, break any
    repository and cache locks leftover from Borg aborting.
    '''
-    umask = config.get('umask', None)
+    umask = storage_config.get('umask', None)
-    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait', None)
+    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
    full_command = (
        (local_path, 'break-lock')
@ -33,10 +33,5 @@ def break_lock(
        + flags.make_repository_flags(repository_path, local_borg_version)
    )
-    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(config)
+    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(storage_config)
-    execute_command(
+    execute_command(full_command, borg_local_path=local_path, extra_environment=borg_environment)
        full_command,
        extra_environment=borg_environment,
        borg_local_path=local_path,
        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
    )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/check.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/check.py
@ -1,26 +1,169 @@
 import argparse
 import datetime
 import hashlib
 import itertools
 import json
 import logging
 import os
 import pathlib
-from borgmatic.borg import environment, feature, flags, rinfo
+from borgmatic.borg import environment, extract, feature, flags, rinfo, state
 from borgmatic.execute import DO_NOT_CAPTURE, execute_command
 DEFAULT_CHECKS = (
    {'name': 'repository', 'frequency': '1 month'},
    {'name': 'archives', 'frequency': '1 month'},
 )
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-def make_archive_filter_flags(local_borg_version, config, checks, check_arguments):
+def parse_checks(consistency_config, only_checks=None):
    '''
-    Given the local Borg version, a configuration dict, a parsed sequence of checks, and check
+    Given a consistency config with a "checks" sequence of dicts and an optional list of override
-    arguments as an argparse.Namespace instance, transform the checks into tuple of command-line
+    checks, return a tuple of named checks to run.
    flags for filtering archives in a check command.
-    If "check_last" is set in the configuration and "archives" is in checks, then include a "--last"
+    For example, given a retention config of:
-    flag. And if "prefix" is set in configuration and "archives" is in checks, then include a
+
-    "--match-archives" flag.
+        {'checks': ({'name': 'repository'}, {'name': 'archives'})}
    This will be returned as:
        ('repository', 'archives')
    If no "checks" option is present in the config, return the DEFAULT_CHECKS. If a checks value
    has a name of "disabled", return an empty tuple, meaning that no checks should be run.
    '''
-    check_last = config.get('check_last', None)
+    checks = only_checks or tuple(
-    prefix = config.get('prefix')
+        check_config['name']
        for check_config in (consistency_config.get('checks', None) or DEFAULT_CHECKS)
    )
    checks = tuple(check.lower() for check in checks)
    if 'disabled' in checks:
        if len(checks) > 1:
            logger.warning(
                'Multiple checks are configured, but one of them is "disabled"; not running any checks'
            )
        return ()
    return checks
 def parse_frequency(frequency):
    '''
    Given a frequency string with a number and a unit of time, return a corresponding
    datetime.timedelta instance or None if the frequency is None or "always".
    For instance, given "3 weeks", return datetime.timedelta(weeks=3)
    Raise ValueError if the given frequency cannot be parsed.
    '''
    if not frequency:
        return None
    frequency = frequency.strip().lower()
    if frequency == 'always':
        return None
    try:
        number, time_unit = frequency.split(' ')
        number = int(number)
    except ValueError:
        raise ValueError(f"Could not parse consistency check frequency '{frequency}'")
    if not time_unit.endswith('s'):
        time_unit += 's'
    if time_unit == 'months':
        number *= 30
        time_unit = 'days'
    elif time_unit == 'years':
        number *= 365
        time_unit = 'days'
    try:
        return datetime.timedelta(**{time_unit: number})
    except TypeError:
        raise ValueError(f"Could not parse consistency check frequency '{frequency}'")
 def filter_checks_on_frequency(
    location_config,
    consistency_config,
    borg_repository_id,
    checks,
    force,
    archives_check_id=None,
 ):
    '''
    Given a location config, a consistency config with a "checks" sequence of dicts, a Borg
    repository ID, a sequence of checks, whether to force checks to run, and an ID for the archives
    check potentially being run (if any), filter down those checks based on the configured
    "frequency" for each check as compared to its check time file.
    In other words, a check whose check time file's timestamp is too new (based on the configured
    frequency) will get cut from the returned sequence of checks. Example:
    consistency_config = {
        'checks': [
            {
                'name': 'archives',
                'frequency': '2 weeks',
            },
        ]
    }
    When this function is called with that consistency_config and "archives" in checks, "archives"
    will get filtered out of the returned result if its check time file is newer than 2 weeks old,
    indicating that it's not yet time to run that check again.
    Raise ValueError if a frequency cannot be parsed.
    '''
    filtered_checks = list(checks)
    if force:
        return tuple(filtered_checks)
    for check_config in consistency_config.get('checks', DEFAULT_CHECKS):
        check = check_config['name']
        if checks and check not in checks:
            continue
        frequency_delta = parse_frequency(check_config.get('frequency'))
        if not frequency_delta:
            continue
        check_time = probe_for_check_time(
            location_config, borg_repository_id, check, archives_check_id
        )
        if not check_time:
            continue
        # If we've not yet reached the time when the frequency dictates we're ready for another
        # check, skip this check.
        if datetime.datetime.now() < check_time + frequency_delta:
            remaining = check_time + frequency_delta - datetime.datetime.now()
            logger.info(
                f'Skipping {check} check due to configured frequency; {remaining} until next check'
            )
            filtered_checks.remove(check)
    return tuple(filtered_checks)
 def make_archive_filter_flags(
    local_borg_version, storage_config, checks, check_last=None, prefix=None
 ):
    '''
    Given the local Borg version, a storage configuration dict, a parsed sequence of checks, the
    check last value, and a consistency check prefix, transform the checks into tuple of
    command-line flags for filtering archives in a check command.
    If a check_last value is given and "archives" is in checks, then include a "--last" flag. And if
    a prefix value is given and "archives" is in checks, then include a "--match-archives" flag.
    '''
    if 'archives' in checks or 'data' in checks:
        return (('--last', str(check_last)) if check_last else ()) + (
            (
@ -31,8 +174,8 @@ def make_archive_filter_flags(local_borg_version, config, checks, check_argument
            if prefix
            else (
                flags.make_match_archives_flags(
-                    check_arguments.match_archives or config.get('match_archives'),
+                    storage_config.get('match_archives'),
-                    config.get('archive_name_format'),
+                    storage_config.get('archive_name_format'),
                    local_borg_version,
                )
            )
@ -50,10 +193,21 @@ def make_archive_filter_flags(local_borg_version, config, checks, check_argument
    return ()
-def make_check_name_flags(checks, archive_filter_flags):
+def make_archives_check_id(archive_filter_flags):
    '''
-    Given parsed checks set and a sequence of flags to filter archives, transform the checks into
+    Given a sequence of flags to filter archives, return a unique hash corresponding to those
-    tuple of command-line check flags.
+    particular flags. If there are no flags, return None.
    '''
    if not archive_filter_flags:
        return None
    return hashlib.sha256(' '.join(archive_filter_flags).encode()).hexdigest()
 def make_check_flags(checks, archive_filter_flags):
    '''
    Given a parsed sequence of checks and a sequence of flags to filter archives, transform the
    checks into tuple of command-line check flags.
    For example, given parsed checks of:
@ -68,13 +222,13 @@ def make_check_name_flags(checks, archive_filter_flags):
    '''
    if 'data' in checks:
        data_flags = ('--verify-data',)
-        checks.update({'archives'})
+        checks += ('archives',)
    else:
        data_flags = ()
    common_flags = (archive_filter_flags if 'archives' in checks else ()) + data_flags
-    if {'repository', 'archives'}.issubset(checks):
+    if {'repository', 'archives'}.issubset(set(checks)):
        return common_flags
    return (
@ -83,20 +237,153 @@ def make_check_name_flags(checks, archive_filter_flags):
    )
-def get_repository_id(
+def make_check_time_path(location_config, borg_repository_id, check_type, archives_check_id=None):
-    repository_path, config, local_borg_version, global_arguments, local_path, remote_path
+    '''
    Given a location configuration dict, a Borg repository ID, the name of a check type
    ("repository", "archives", etc.), and a unique hash of the archives filter flags, return a
    path for recording that check's time (the time of that check last occurring).
    '''
    borgmatic_source_directory = os.path.expanduser(
        location_config.get('borgmatic_source_directory', state.DEFAULT_BORGMATIC_SOURCE_DIRECTORY)
    )
    if check_type in ('archives', 'data'):
        return os.path.join(
            borgmatic_source_directory,
            'checks',
            borg_repository_id,
            check_type,
            archives_check_id if archives_check_id else 'all',
        )
    return os.path.join(
        borgmatic_source_directory,
        'checks',
        borg_repository_id,
        check_type,
    )
 def write_check_time(path):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Record a check time of now as the modification time of the given path.
    '''
    logger.debug(f'Writing check time at {path}')
    os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(path), mode=0o700, exist_ok=True)
    pathlib.Path(path, mode=0o600).touch()
 def read_check_time(path):
    '''
    Return the check time based on the modification time of the given path. Return None if the path
    doesn't exist.
    '''
    logger.debug(f'Reading check time from {path}')
    try:
        return datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(os.stat(path).st_mtime)
    except FileNotFoundError:
        return None
 def probe_for_check_time(location_config, borg_repository_id, check, archives_check_id):
    '''
    Given a location configuration dict, a Borg repository ID, the name of a check type
    ("repository", "archives", etc.), and a unique hash of the archives filter flags, return a
    the corresponding check time or None if such a check time does not exist.
    When the check type is "archives" or "data", this function probes two different paths to find
    the check time, e.g.:
      ~/.borgmatic/checks/1234567890/archives/9876543210
      ~/.borgmatic/checks/1234567890/archives/all
    ... and returns the maximum modification time of the files found (if any). The first path
    represents a more specific archives check time (a check on a subset of archives), and the second
    is a fallback to the last "all" archives check.
    For other check types, this function reads from a single check time path, e.g.:
      ~/.borgmatic/checks/1234567890/repository
    '''
    check_times = (
        read_check_time(group[0])
        for group in itertools.groupby(
            (
                make_check_time_path(location_config, borg_repository_id, check, archives_check_id),
                make_check_time_path(location_config, borg_repository_id, check),
            )
        )
    )
    try:
        return max(check_time for check_time in check_times if check_time)
    except ValueError:
        return None
 def upgrade_check_times(location_config, borg_repository_id):
    '''
    Given a location configuration dict and a Borg repository ID, upgrade any corresponding check
    times on disk from old-style paths to new-style paths.
    Currently, the only upgrade performed is renaming an archive or data check path that looks like:
      ~/.borgmatic/checks/1234567890/archives
    to:
      ~/.borgmatic/checks/1234567890/archives/all
    '''
    for check_type in ('archives', 'data'):
        new_path = make_check_time_path(location_config, borg_repository_id, check_type, 'all')
        old_path = os.path.dirname(new_path)
        temporary_path = f'{old_path}.temp'
        if not os.path.isfile(old_path) and not os.path.isfile(temporary_path):
            continue
        logger.debug(f'Upgrading archives check time from {old_path} to {new_path}')
        try:
            os.rename(old_path, temporary_path)
        except FileNotFoundError:
            pass
        os.mkdir(old_path)
        os.rename(temporary_path, new_path)
 def check_archives(
    repository_path,
    location_config,
    storage_config,
    consistency_config,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
    local_path='borg',
    remote_path=None,
    progress=None,
    repair=None,
    only_checks=None,
    force=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, the local Borg version, global
+    Given a local or remote repository path, a storage config dict, a consistency config dict,
-    arguments, and local/remote commands to run, return the corresponding Borg repository ID.
+    local/remote commands to run, whether to include progress information, whether to attempt a
    repair, and an optional list of checks to use instead of configured checks, check the contained
    Borg archives for consistency.
-    Raise ValueError if the Borg repository ID cannot be determined.
+    If there are no consistency checks to run, skip running them.
    Raises ValueError if the Borg repository ID cannot be determined.
    '''
    try:
-        return json.loads(
+        borg_repository_id = json.loads(
            rinfo.display_repository_info(
                repository_path,
-                config,
+                storage_config,
                local_borg_version,
                argparse.Namespace(json=True),
                global_arguments,
@ -107,80 +394,73 @@ def get_repository_id(
    except (json.JSONDecodeError, KeyError):
        raise ValueError(f'Cannot determine Borg repository ID for {repository_path}')
    upgrade_check_times(location_config, borg_repository_id)
-def check_archives(
+    check_last = consistency_config.get('check_last', None)
-    repository_path,
+    prefix = consistency_config.get('prefix')
-    config,
+    configured_checks = parse_checks(consistency_config, only_checks)
-    local_borg_version,
+    lock_wait = None
-    check_arguments,
+    extra_borg_options = storage_config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('check', '')
-    global_arguments,
+    archive_filter_flags = make_archive_filter_flags(
-    checks,
+        local_borg_version, storage_config, configured_checks, check_last, prefix
-    archive_filter_flags,
+    )
-    local_path='borg',
+    archives_check_id = make_archives_check_id(archive_filter_flags)
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
    Given a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, the local Borg version, check
    arguments as an argparse.Namespace instance, global arguments, a set of named Borg checks to run
    (some combination "repository", "archives", and/or "data"), archive filter flags, and
    local/remote commands to run, check the contained Borg archives for consistency.
    '''
    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait')
    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('check', '')
-    verbosity_flags = ()
+    checks = filter_checks_on_frequency(
-    if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.INFO):
+        location_config,
-        verbosity_flags = ('--info',)
+        consistency_config,
-    if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
+        borg_repository_id,
-        verbosity_flags = ('--debug', '--show-rc')
+        configured_checks,
-
+        force,
-    try:
+        archives_check_id,
        repository_check_config = next(
            check for check in config.get('checks', ()) if check.get('name') == 'repository'
        )
    except StopIteration:
        repository_check_config = {}
    if check_arguments.max_duration and 'archives' in checks:
        raise ValueError('The archives check cannot run when the --max-duration flag is used')
    if repository_check_config.get('max_duration') and 'archives' in checks:
        raise ValueError(
            'The archives check cannot run when the repository check has the max_duration option set'
        )
    max_duration = check_arguments.max_duration or repository_check_config.get('max_duration')
    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(config)
    borg_exit_codes = config.get('borg_exit_codes')
    full_command = (
        (local_path, 'check')
        + (('--repair',) if check_arguments.repair else ())
        + (('--max-duration', str(max_duration)) if max_duration else ())
        + make_check_name_flags(checks, archive_filter_flags)
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
        + (('--log-json',) if global_arguments.log_json else ())
        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
        + verbosity_flags
        + (('--progress',) if check_arguments.progress else ())
        + (tuple(extra_borg_options.split(' ')) if extra_borg_options else ())
        + flags.make_repository_flags(repository_path, local_borg_version)
    )
-    # The Borg repair option triggers an interactive prompt, which won't work when output is
+    if set(checks).intersection({'repository', 'archives', 'data'}):
-    # captured. And progress messes with the terminal directly.
+        lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait')
-    if check_arguments.repair or check_arguments.progress:
+
-        execute_command(
+        verbosity_flags = ()
-            full_command,
+        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.INFO):
-            output_file=DO_NOT_CAPTURE,
+            verbosity_flags = ('--info',)
-            extra_environment=borg_environment,
+        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
-            borg_local_path=local_path,
+            verbosity_flags = ('--debug', '--show-rc')
-            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+
        full_command = (
            (local_path, 'check')
            + (('--repair',) if repair else ())
            + make_check_flags(checks, archive_filter_flags)
            + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
            + (('--log-json',) if global_arguments.log_json else ())
            + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
            + verbosity_flags
            + (('--progress',) if progress else ())
            + (tuple(extra_borg_options.split(' ')) if extra_borg_options else ())
            + flags.make_repository_flags(repository_path, local_borg_version)
        )
-    else:
+
-        execute_command(
+        borg_environment = environment.make_environment(storage_config)
-            full_command,
+
-            extra_environment=borg_environment,
+        # The Borg repair option triggers an interactive prompt, which won't work when output is
-            borg_local_path=local_path,
+        # captured. And progress messes with the terminal directly.
-            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+        if repair or progress:
            execute_command(
                full_command, output_file=DO_NOT_CAPTURE, extra_environment=borg_environment
            )
        else:
            execute_command(full_command, extra_environment=borg_environment)
        for check in checks:
            write_check_time(
                make_check_time_path(location_config, borg_repository_id, check, archives_check_id)
            )
    if 'extract' in checks:
        extract.extract_last_archive_dry_run(
            storage_config,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
            repository_path,
            lock_wait,
            local_path,
            remote_path,
        )
        write_check_time(make_check_time_path(location_config, borg_repository_id, 'extract'))
--- a/borgmatic/borg/compact.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/compact.py
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def compact_segments(
    dry_run,
    repository_path,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
    local_path='borg',
@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ def compact_segments(
    threshold=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given dry-run flag, a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, and the local Borg
+    Given dry-run flag, a local or remote repository path, a storage config dict, and the local
-    version, compact the segments in a repository.
+    Borg version, compact the segments in a repository.
    '''
-    umask = config.get('umask', None)
+    umask = storage_config.get('umask', None)
-    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait', None)
+    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
-    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('compact', '')
+    extra_borg_options = storage_config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('compact', '')
    full_command = (
        (local_path, 'compact')
@ -48,7 +48,6 @@ def compact_segments(
    execute_command(
        full_command,
        output_log_level=logging.INFO,
        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(config),
        borg_local_path=local_path,
-        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
+        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(storage_config),
    )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/create.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/create.py
@ -146,12 +146,12 @@ def ensure_files_readable(*filename_lists):
        open(file_object).close()
-def make_pattern_flags(config, pattern_filename=None):
+def make_pattern_flags(location_config, pattern_filename=None):
    '''
-    Given a configuration dict with a potential patterns_from option, and a filename containing any
+    Given a location config dict with a potential patterns_from option, and a filename containing
-    additional patterns, return the corresponding Borg flags for those files as a tuple.
+    any additional patterns, return the corresponding Borg flags for those files as a tuple.
    '''
-    pattern_filenames = tuple(config.get('patterns_from') or ()) + (
+    pattern_filenames = tuple(location_config.get('patterns_from') or ()) + (
        (pattern_filename,) if pattern_filename else ()
    )
@ -162,12 +162,12 @@ def make_pattern_flags(config, pattern_filename=None):
    )
-def make_exclude_flags(config, exclude_filename=None):
+def make_exclude_flags(location_config, exclude_filename=None):
    '''
-    Given a configuration dict with various exclude options, and a filename containing any exclude
+    Given a location config dict with various exclude options, and a filename containing any exclude
    patterns, return the corresponding Borg flags as a tuple.
    '''
-    exclude_filenames = tuple(config.get('exclude_from') or ()) + (
+    exclude_filenames = tuple(location_config.get('exclude_from') or ()) + (
        (exclude_filename,) if exclude_filename else ()
    )
    exclude_from_flags = tuple(
@ -175,15 +175,17 @@ def make_exclude_flags(config, exclude_filename=None):
            ('--exclude-from', exclude_filename) for exclude_filename in exclude_filenames
        )
    )
-    caches_flag = ('--exclude-caches',) if config.get('exclude_caches') else ()
+    caches_flag = ('--exclude-caches',) if location_config.get('exclude_caches') else ()
    if_present_flags = tuple(
        itertools.chain.from_iterable(
            ('--exclude-if-present', if_present)
-            for if_present in config.get('exclude_if_present', ())
+            for if_present in location_config.get('exclude_if_present', ())
        )
    )
-    keep_exclude_tags_flags = ('--keep-exclude-tags',) if config.get('keep_exclude_tags') else ()
+    keep_exclude_tags_flags = (
-    exclude_nodump_flags = ('--exclude-nodump',) if config.get('exclude_nodump') else ()
+        ('--keep-exclude-tags',) if location_config.get('keep_exclude_tags') else ()
    )
    exclude_nodump_flags = ('--exclude-nodump',) if location_config.get('exclude_nodump') else ()
    return (
        exclude_from_flags
@ -215,6 +217,9 @@ def make_list_filter_flags(local_borg_version, dry_run):
        return f'{base_flags}-'
 DEFAULT_ARCHIVE_NAME_FORMAT = '{hostname}-{now:%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f}'  # noqa: FS003
 def collect_borgmatic_source_directories(borgmatic_source_directory):
    '''
    Return a list of borgmatic-specific source directories used for state like database backups.
@ -272,14 +277,14 @@ def any_parent_directories(path, candidate_parents):
 def collect_special_file_paths(
-    create_command, config, local_path, working_directory, borg_environment, skip_directories
+    create_command, local_path, working_directory, borg_environment, skip_directories
 ):
    '''
-    Given a Borg create command as a tuple, a configuration dict, a local Borg path, a working
+    Given a Borg create command as a tuple, a local Borg path, a working directory, a dict of
-    directory, a dict of environment variables to pass to Borg, and a sequence of parent directories
+    environment variables to pass to Borg, and a sequence of parent directories to skip, collect the
-    to skip, collect the paths for any special files (character devices, block devices, and named
+    paths for any special files (character devices, block devices, and named pipes / FIFOs) that
-    pipes / FIFOs) that Borg would encounter during a create. These are all paths that could cause
+    Borg would encounter during a create. These are all paths that could cause Borg to hang if its
-    Borg to hang if its --read-special flag is used.
+    --read-special flag is used.
    '''
    # Omit "--exclude-nodump" from the Borg dry run command, because that flag causes Borg to open
    # files including any named pipe we've created.
@ -289,8 +294,6 @@ def collect_special_file_paths(
        capture_stderr=True,
        working_directory=working_directory,
        extra_environment=borg_environment,
        borg_local_path=local_path,
        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
    )
    paths = tuple(
@ -320,79 +323,88 @@ def check_all_source_directories_exist(source_directories):
        raise ValueError(f"Source directories do not exist: {', '.join(missing_directories)}")
-def make_base_create_command(
+def create_archive(
    dry_run,
    repository_path,
-    config,
+    location_config,
-    config_paths,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
    borgmatic_source_directories,
    local_path='borg',
    remote_path=None,
    progress=False,
    stats=False,
    json=False,
    list_files=False,
    stream_processes=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given vebosity/dry-run flags, a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, a
+    Given vebosity/dry-run flags, a local or remote repository path, a location config dict, and a
-    sequence of loaded configuration paths, the local Borg version, global arguments as an
+    storage config dict, create a Borg archive and return Borg's JSON output (if any).
    argparse.Namespace instance, and a sequence of borgmatic source directories, return a tuple of
    (base Borg create command flags, Borg create command positional arguments, open pattern file
    handle, open exclude file handle).
    '''
    if config.get('source_directories_must_exist', False):
        check_all_source_directories_exist(config.get('source_directories'))
    If a sequence of stream processes is given (instances of subprocess.Popen), then execute the
    create command while also triggering the given processes to produce output.
    '''
    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()
    borgmatic_source_directories = expand_directories(
        collect_borgmatic_source_directories(location_config.get('borgmatic_source_directory'))
    )
    if location_config.get('source_directories_must_exist', False):
        check_all_source_directories_exist(location_config.get('source_directories'))
    sources = deduplicate_directories(
        map_directories_to_devices(
            expand_directories(
-                tuple(config.get('source_directories', ()))
+                tuple(location_config.get('source_directories', ()))
                + borgmatic_source_directories
-                + tuple(config_paths if config.get('store_config_files', True) else ())
+                + tuple(global_arguments.used_config_paths)
            )
        ),
        additional_directory_devices=map_directories_to_devices(
-            expand_directories(pattern_root_directories(config.get('patterns')))
+            expand_directories(pattern_root_directories(location_config.get('patterns')))
        ),
    )
-    ensure_files_readable(config.get('patterns_from'), config.get('exclude_from'))
+    ensure_files_readable(location_config.get('patterns_from'), location_config.get('exclude_from'))
    try:
        working_directory = os.path.expanduser(location_config.get('working_directory'))
    except TypeError:
        working_directory = None
    pattern_file = (
-        write_pattern_file(config.get('patterns'), sources)
+        write_pattern_file(location_config.get('patterns'), sources)
-        if config.get('patterns') or config.get('patterns_from')
+        if location_config.get('patterns') or location_config.get('patterns_from')
        else None
    )
-    exclude_file = write_pattern_file(expand_home_directories(config.get('exclude_patterns')))
+    exclude_file = write_pattern_file(
-    checkpoint_interval = config.get('checkpoint_interval', None)
+        expand_home_directories(location_config.get('exclude_patterns'))
-    checkpoint_volume = config.get('checkpoint_volume', None)
+    )
-    chunker_params = config.get('chunker_params', None)
+    checkpoint_interval = storage_config.get('checkpoint_interval', None)
-    compression = config.get('compression', None)
+    checkpoint_volume = storage_config.get('checkpoint_volume', None)
-    upload_rate_limit = config.get('upload_rate_limit', None)
+    chunker_params = storage_config.get('chunker_params', None)
-    upload_buffer_size = config.get('upload_buffer_size', None)
+    compression = storage_config.get('compression', None)
-    umask = config.get('umask', None)
+    upload_rate_limit = storage_config.get('upload_rate_limit', None)
-    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait', None)
+    umask = storage_config.get('umask', None)
    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
    list_filter_flags = make_list_filter_flags(local_borg_version, dry_run)
-    files_cache = config.get('files_cache')
+    files_cache = location_config.get('files_cache')
-    archive_name_format = config.get('archive_name_format', flags.DEFAULT_ARCHIVE_NAME_FORMAT)
+    archive_name_format = storage_config.get('archive_name_format', DEFAULT_ARCHIVE_NAME_FORMAT)
-    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('create', '')
+    extra_borg_options = storage_config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('create', '')
    if feature.available(feature.Feature.ATIME, local_borg_version):
-        atime_flags = ('--atime',) if config.get('atime') is True else ()
+        atime_flags = ('--atime',) if location_config.get('atime') is True else ()
    else:
-        atime_flags = ('--noatime',) if config.get('atime') is False else ()
+        atime_flags = ('--noatime',) if location_config.get('atime') is False else ()
    if feature.available(feature.Feature.NOFLAGS, local_borg_version):
-        noflags_flags = ('--noflags',) if config.get('flags') is False else ()
+        noflags_flags = ('--noflags',) if location_config.get('flags') is False else ()
    else:
-        noflags_flags = ('--nobsdflags',) if config.get('flags') is False else ()
+        noflags_flags = ('--nobsdflags',) if location_config.get('flags') is False else ()
    if feature.available(feature.Feature.NUMERIC_IDS, local_borg_version):
-        numeric_ids_flags = ('--numeric-ids',) if config.get('numeric_ids') else ()
+        numeric_ids_flags = ('--numeric-ids',) if location_config.get('numeric_ids') else ()
    else:
-        numeric_ids_flags = ('--numeric-owner',) if config.get('numeric_ids') else ()
+        numeric_ids_flags = ('--numeric-owner',) if location_config.get('numeric_ids') else ()
    if feature.available(feature.Feature.UPLOAD_RATELIMIT, local_borg_version):
        upload_ratelimit_flags = (
@ -403,23 +415,31 @@ def make_base_create_command(
            ('--remote-ratelimit', str(upload_rate_limit)) if upload_rate_limit else ()
        )
-    create_flags = (
+    if stream_processes and location_config.get('read_special') is False:
        logger.warning(
            f'{repository_path}: Ignoring configured "read_special" value of false, as true is needed for database hooks.'
        )
    create_command = (
        tuple(local_path.split(' '))
        + ('create',)
-        + make_pattern_flags(config, pattern_file.name if pattern_file else None)
+        + make_pattern_flags(location_config, pattern_file.name if pattern_file else None)
-        + make_exclude_flags(config, exclude_file.name if exclude_file else None)
+        + make_exclude_flags(location_config, exclude_file.name if exclude_file else None)
        + (('--checkpoint-interval', str(checkpoint_interval)) if checkpoint_interval else ())
        + (('--checkpoint-volume', str(checkpoint_volume)) if checkpoint_volume else ())
        + (('--chunker-params', chunker_params) if chunker_params else ())
        + (('--compression', compression) if compression else ())
        + upload_ratelimit_flags
-        + (('--upload-buffer', str(upload_buffer_size)) if upload_buffer_size else ())
+        + (
-        + (('--one-file-system',) if config.get('one_file_system') or stream_processes else ())
+            ('--one-file-system',)
            if location_config.get('one_file_system') or stream_processes
            else ()
        )
        + numeric_ids_flags
        + atime_flags
-        + (('--noctime',) if config.get('ctime') is False else ())
+        + (('--noctime',) if location_config.get('ctime') is False else ())
-        + (('--nobirthtime',) if config.get('birthtime') is False else ())
+        + (('--nobirthtime',) if location_config.get('birthtime') is False else ())
-        + (('--read-special',) if config.get('read_special') or stream_processes else ())
+        + (('--read-special',) if location_config.get('read_special') or stream_processes else ())
        + noflags_flags
        + (('--files-cache', files_cache) if files_cache else ())
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
@ -433,94 +453,10 @@ def make_base_create_command(
        )
        + (('--dry-run',) if dry_run else ())
        + (tuple(extra_borg_options.split(' ')) if extra_borg_options else ())
-    )
+        + flags.make_repository_archive_flags(
-
+            repository_path, archive_name_format, local_borg_version
    create_positional_arguments = flags.make_repository_archive_flags(
        repository_path, archive_name_format, local_borg_version
    ) + (sources if not pattern_file else ())
    # If database hooks are enabled (as indicated by streaming processes), exclude files that might
    # cause Borg to hang. But skip this if the user has explicitly set the "read_special" to True.
    if stream_processes and not config.get('read_special'):
        logger.warning(
            f'{repository_path}: Ignoring configured "read_special" value of false, as true is needed for database hooks.'
        )
        try:
            working_directory = os.path.expanduser(config.get('working_directory'))
        except TypeError:
            working_directory = None
        borg_environment = environment.make_environment(config)
        logger.debug(f'{repository_path}: Collecting special file paths')
        special_file_paths = collect_special_file_paths(
            create_flags + create_positional_arguments,
            config,
            local_path,
            working_directory,
            borg_environment,
            skip_directories=borgmatic_source_directories,
        )
        if special_file_paths:
            logger.warning(
                f'{repository_path}: Excluding special files to prevent Borg from hanging: {", ".join(special_file_paths)}'
            )
            exclude_file = write_pattern_file(
                expand_home_directories(
                    tuple(config.get('exclude_patterns') or ()) + special_file_paths
                ),
                pattern_file=exclude_file,
            )
            create_flags += make_exclude_flags(config, exclude_file.name)
    return (create_flags, create_positional_arguments, pattern_file, exclude_file)
 def create_archive(
    dry_run,
    repository_path,
    config,
    config_paths,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
    local_path='borg',
    remote_path=None,
    progress=False,
    stats=False,
    json=False,
    list_files=False,
    stream_processes=None,
 ):
    '''
    Given vebosity/dry-run flags, a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, a
    sequence of loaded configuration paths, the local Borg version, and global arguments as an
    argparse.Namespace instance, create a Borg archive and return Borg's JSON output (if any).
    If a sequence of stream processes is given (instances of subprocess.Popen), then execute the
    create command while also triggering the given processes to produce output.
    '''
    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()
    borgmatic_source_directories = expand_directories(
        collect_borgmatic_source_directories(config.get('borgmatic_source_directory'))
    )
    (create_flags, create_positional_arguments, pattern_file, exclude_file) = (
        make_base_create_command(
            dry_run,
            repository_path,
            config,
            config_paths,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
            borgmatic_source_directories,
            local_path,
            remote_path,
            progress,
            json,
            list_files,
            stream_processes,
        )
        + (sources if not pattern_file else ())
    )
    if json:
@ -534,48 +470,62 @@ def create_archive(
    # the terminal directly.
    output_file = DO_NOT_CAPTURE if progress else None
-    try:
+    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(storage_config)
        working_directory = os.path.expanduser(config.get('working_directory'))
    except TypeError:
        working_directory = None
-    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(config)
+    # If database hooks are enabled (as indicated by streaming processes), exclude files that might
    # cause Borg to hang. But skip this if the user has explicitly set the "read_special" to True.
    if stream_processes and not location_config.get('read_special'):
        logger.debug(f'{repository_path}: Collecting special file paths')
        special_file_paths = collect_special_file_paths(
            create_command,
            local_path,
            working_directory,
            borg_environment,
            skip_directories=borgmatic_source_directories,
        )
-    create_flags += (
+        if special_file_paths:
            logger.warning(
                f'{repository_path}: Excluding special files to prevent Borg from hanging: {", ".join(special_file_paths)}'
            )
            exclude_file = write_pattern_file(
                expand_home_directories(
                    tuple(location_config.get('exclude_patterns') or ()) + special_file_paths
                ),
                pattern_file=exclude_file,
            )
            create_command += make_exclude_flags(location_config, exclude_file.name)
    create_command += (
        (('--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO and not json else ())
        + (('--stats',) if stats and not json and not dry_run else ())
        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) and not json else ())
        + (('--progress',) if progress else ())
        + (('--json',) if json else ())
    )
    borg_exit_codes = config.get('borg_exit_codes')
    if stream_processes:
        return execute_command_with_processes(
-            create_flags + create_positional_arguments,
+            create_command,
            stream_processes,
            output_log_level,
            output_file,
            borg_local_path=local_path,
            working_directory=working_directory,
            extra_environment=borg_environment,
            borg_local_path=local_path,
            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
        )
    elif output_log_level is None:
        return execute_command_and_capture_output(
-            create_flags + create_positional_arguments,
+            create_command,
            working_directory=working_directory,
            extra_environment=borg_environment,
            borg_local_path=local_path,
            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
        )
    else:
        execute_command(
-            create_flags + create_positional_arguments,
+            create_command,
            output_log_level,
            output_file,
            borg_local_path=local_path,
            working_directory=working_directory,
            extra_environment=borg_environment,
            borg_local_path=local_path,
            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
        )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/environment.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/environment.py
@ -21,15 +21,15 @@ DEFAULT_BOOL_OPTION_TO_UPPERCASE_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE = {
 }
-def make_environment(config):
+def make_environment(storage_config):
    '''
-    Given a borgmatic configuration dict, return its options converted to a Borg environment
+    Given a borgmatic storage configuration dict, return its options converted to a Borg environment
    variable dict.
    '''
    environment = {}
    for option_name, environment_variable_name in OPTION_TO_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE.items():
-        value = config.get(option_name)
+        value = storage_config.get(option_name)
        if value:
            environment[environment_variable_name] = str(value)
@ -38,20 +38,14 @@ def make_environment(config):
        option_name,
        environment_variable_name,
    ) in DEFAULT_BOOL_OPTION_TO_DOWNCASE_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE.items():
-        value = config.get(option_name)
+        value = storage_config.get(option_name, False)
-        if value is not None:
+        environment[environment_variable_name] = 'yes' if value else 'no'
            environment[environment_variable_name] = 'yes' if value else 'no'
    for (
        option_name,
        environment_variable_name,
    ) in DEFAULT_BOOL_OPTION_TO_UPPERCASE_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE.items():
-        value = config.get(option_name)
+        value = storage_config.get(option_name, False)
-        if value is not None:
+        environment[environment_variable_name] = 'YES' if value else 'NO'
            environment[environment_variable_name] = 'YES' if value else 'NO'
    # On Borg 1.4.0a1+, take advantage of more specific exit codes. No effect on
    # older versions of Borg.
    environment['BORG_EXIT_CODES'] = 'modern'
    return environment
--- a/borgmatic/borg/export_key.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/export_key.py
@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
 import logging
 import os
 import borgmatic.logger
 from borgmatic.borg import environment, flags
 from borgmatic.execute import DO_NOT_CAPTURE, execute_command
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def export_key(
    repository_path,
    config,
    local_borg_version,
    export_arguments,
    global_arguments,
    local_path='borg',
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
    Given a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, the local Borg version, and
    optional local and remote Borg paths, export the repository key to the destination path
    indicated in the export arguments.
    If the destination path is empty or "-", then print the key to stdout instead of to a file.
    Raise FileExistsError if a path is given but it already exists on disk.
    '''
    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()
    umask = config.get('umask', None)
    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait', None)
    if export_arguments.path and export_arguments.path != '-':
        if os.path.exists(export_arguments.path):
            raise FileExistsError(
                f'Destination path {export_arguments.path} already exists. Aborting.'
            )
        output_file = None
    else:
        output_file = DO_NOT_CAPTURE
    full_command = (
        (local_path, 'key', 'export')
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
        + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
        + (('--log-json',) if global_arguments.log_json else ())
        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
        + (('--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
        + flags.make_flags('paper', export_arguments.paper)
        + flags.make_flags('qr-html', export_arguments.qr_html)
        + flags.make_repository_flags(
            repository_path,
            local_borg_version,
        )
        + ((export_arguments.path,) if output_file is None else ())
    )
    if global_arguments.dry_run:
        logging.info(f'{repository_path}: Skipping key export (dry run)')
        return
    execute_command(
        full_command,
        output_file=output_file,
        output_log_level=logging.ANSWER,
        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(config),
        borg_local_path=local_path,
        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
    )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/export_tar.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/export_tar.py
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def export_tar_archive(
    archive,
    paths,
    destination_path,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
    local_path='borg',
@ -24,16 +24,16 @@ def export_tar_archive(
 ):
    '''
    Given a dry-run flag, a local or remote repository path, an archive name, zero or more paths to
-    export from the archive, a destination path to export to, a configuration dict, the local Borg
+    export from the archive, a destination path to export to, a storage configuration dict, the
-    version, optional local and remote Borg paths, an optional filter program, whether to include
+    local Borg version, optional local and remote Borg paths, an optional filter program, whether to
-    per-file details, and an optional number of path components to strip, export the archive into
+    include per-file details, and an optional number of path components to strip, export the archive
-    the given destination path as a tar-formatted file.
+    into the given destination path as a tar-formatted file.
    If the destination path is "-", then stream the output to stdout instead of to a file.
    '''
    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()
-    umask = config.get('umask', None)
+    umask = storage_config.get('umask', None)
-    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait', None)
+    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
    full_command = (
        (local_path, 'export-tar')
@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ def export_tar_archive(
        full_command,
        output_file=DO_NOT_CAPTURE if destination_path == '-' else None,
        output_log_level=output_log_level,
        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(config),
        borg_local_path=local_path,
-        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
+        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(storage_config),
    )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/extract.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/extract.py
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def extract_last_archive_dry_run(
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
    repository_path,
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def extract_last_archive_dry_run(
        last_archive_name = rlist.resolve_archive_name(
            repository_path,
            'latest',
-            config,
+            storage_config,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
            local_path,
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def extract_last_archive_dry_run(
        return
    list_flag = ('--list',) if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ()
-    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(config)
+    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(storage_config)
    full_extract_command = (
        (local_path, 'extract', '--dry-run')
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
@ -57,11 +57,7 @@ def extract_last_archive_dry_run(
    )
    execute_command(
-        full_extract_command,
+        full_extract_command, working_directory=None, extra_environment=borg_environment
        working_directory=None,
        extra_environment=borg_environment,
        borg_local_path=local_path,
        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
    )
@ -70,7 +66,8 @@ def extract_archive(
    repository,
    archive,
    paths,
-    config,
+    location_config,
    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
    local_path='borg',
@ -83,34 +80,29 @@ def extract_archive(
    '''
    Given a dry-run flag, a local or remote repository path, an archive name, zero or more paths to
    restore from the archive, the local Borg version string, an argparse.Namespace of global
-    arguments, a configuration dict, optional local and remote Borg paths, and an optional
+    arguments, location/storage configuration dicts, optional local and remote Borg paths, and an
-    destination path to extract to, extract the archive into the current directory.
+    optional destination path to extract to, extract the archive into the current directory.
    If extract to stdout is True, then start the extraction streaming to stdout, and return that
    extract process as an instance of subprocess.Popen.
    '''
-    umask = config.get('umask', None)
+    umask = storage_config.get('umask', None)
-    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait', None)
+    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
    if progress and extract_to_stdout:
        raise ValueError('progress and extract_to_stdout cannot both be set')
    if feature.available(feature.Feature.NUMERIC_IDS, local_borg_version):
-        numeric_ids_flags = ('--numeric-ids',) if config.get('numeric_ids') else ()
+        numeric_ids_flags = ('--numeric-ids',) if location_config.get('numeric_ids') else ()
    else:
-        numeric_ids_flags = ('--numeric-owner',) if config.get('numeric_ids') else ()
+        numeric_ids_flags = ('--numeric-owner',) if location_config.get('numeric_ids') else ()
    if strip_components == 'all':
        if not paths:
            raise ValueError('The --strip-components flag with "all" requires at least one --path')
-        # Calculate the maximum number of leading path components of the given paths. "if piece"
+        # Calculate the maximum number of leading path components of the given paths.
-        # ignores empty path components, e.g. those resulting from a leading slash. And the "- 1"
+        strip_components = max(0, *(len(path.split(os.path.sep)) - 1 for path in paths))
        # is so this doesn't count the final path component, e.g. the filename itself.
        strip_components = max(
            0,
            *(len(tuple(piece for piece in path.split(os.path.sep) if piece)) - 1 for path in paths)
        )
    full_command = (
        (local_path, 'extract')
@ -135,8 +127,7 @@ def extract_archive(
        + (tuple(paths) if paths else ())
    )
-    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(config)
+    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(storage_config)
    borg_exit_codes = config.get('borg_exit_codes')
    # The progress output isn't compatible with captured and logged output, as progress messes with
    # the terminal directly.
@ -146,8 +137,6 @@ def extract_archive(
            output_file=DO_NOT_CAPTURE,
            working_directory=destination_path,
            extra_environment=borg_environment,
            borg_local_path=local_path,
            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
        )
        return None
@ -158,16 +147,10 @@ def extract_archive(
            working_directory=destination_path,
            run_to_completion=False,
            extra_environment=borg_environment,
            borg_local_path=local_path,
            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
        )
    # Don't give Borg local path so as to error on warnings, as "borg extract" only gives a warning
    # if the restore paths don't exist in the archive.
    execute_command(
-        full_command,
+        full_command, working_directory=destination_path, extra_environment=borg_environment
        working_directory=destination_path,
        extra_environment=borg_environment,
        borg_local_path=local_path,
        borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
    )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/flags.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/flags.py
@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
 import itertools
 import json
 import logging
 import re
 from borgmatic.borg import feature
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def make_flags(name, value):
    '''
@ -63,56 +59,25 @@ def make_repository_archive_flags(repository_path, archive, local_borg_version):
    )
 DEFAULT_ARCHIVE_NAME_FORMAT = '{hostname}-{now:%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f}'  # noqa: FS003
 def make_match_archives_flags(match_archives, archive_name_format, local_borg_version):
    '''
    Return match archives flags based on the given match archives value, if any. If it isn't set,
-    return match archives flags to match archives created with the given (or default) archive name
+    return match archives flags to match archives created with the given archive name format, if
-    format. This is done by replacing certain archive name format placeholders for ephemeral data
+    any. This is done by replacing certain archive name format placeholders for ephemeral data (like
-    (like "{now}") with globs.
+    "{now}") with globs.
    '''
    if match_archives:
        if match_archives in {'*', 're:.*', 'sh:*'}:
            return ()
        if feature.available(feature.Feature.MATCH_ARCHIVES, local_borg_version):
            return ('--match-archives', match_archives)
        else:
            return ('--glob-archives', re.sub(r'^sh:', '', match_archives))
-    derived_match_archives = re.sub(
+    if not archive_name_format:
        r'\{(now|utcnow|pid)([:%\w\.-]*)\}', '*', archive_name_format or DEFAULT_ARCHIVE_NAME_FORMAT
    )
    if derived_match_archives == '*':
        return ()
    derived_match_archives = re.sub(r'\{(now|utcnow|pid)([:%\w\.-]*)\}', '*', archive_name_format)
    if feature.available(feature.Feature.MATCH_ARCHIVES, local_borg_version):
        return ('--match-archives', f'sh:{derived_match_archives}')
    else:
        return ('--glob-archives', f'{derived_match_archives}')
 def warn_for_aggressive_archive_flags(json_command, json_output):
    '''
    Given a JSON archives command and the resulting JSON string output from running it, parse the
    JSON and warn if the command used an archive flag but the output indicates zero archives were
    found.
    '''
    archive_flags_used = {'--glob-archives', '--match-archives'}.intersection(set(json_command))
    if not archive_flags_used:
        return
    try:
        if len(json.loads(json_output)['archives']) == 0:
            logger.warning('An archive filter was applied, but no matching archives were found.')
            logger.warning(
                'Try adding --match-archives "*" or adjusting archive_name_format/match_archives in configuration.'
            )
    except json.JSONDecodeError as error:
        logger.debug(f'Cannot parse JSON output from archive command: {error}')
    except (TypeError, KeyError):
        logger.debug('Cannot parse JSON output from archive command: No "archives" key found')
--- a/borgmatic/borg/info.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/info.py
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 import argparse
 import logging
 import borgmatic.logger
@ -8,21 +7,24 @@ from borgmatic.execute import execute_command, execute_command_and_capture_outpu
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-def make_info_command(
+def display_archives_info(
    repository_path,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    info_arguments,
    global_arguments,
-    local_path,
+    local_path='borg',
-    remote_path,
+    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, the local Borg version, the
+    Given a local or remote repository path, a storage config dict, the local Borg version, global
-    arguments to the info action as an argparse.Namespace, and global arguments, return a command
+    arguments as an argparse.Namespace, and the arguments to the info action, display summary
-    as a tuple to display summary information for archives in the repository.
+    information for Borg archives in the repository or return JSON summary information.
    '''
-    return (
+    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()
    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
    full_command = (
        (local_path, 'info')
        + (
            ('--info',)
@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ def make_info_command(
        )
        + flags.make_flags('remote-path', remote_path)
        + flags.make_flags('log-json', global_arguments.log_json)
-        + flags.make_flags('lock-wait', config.get('lock_wait'))
+        + flags.make_flags('lock-wait', lock_wait)
        + (
            (
                flags.make_flags('match-archives', f'sh:{info_arguments.prefix}*')
@ -48,8 +50,8 @@ def make_info_command(
                flags.make_match_archives_flags(
                    info_arguments.match_archives
                    or info_arguments.archive
-                    or config.get('match_archives'),
+                    or storage_config.get('match_archives'),
-                    config.get('archive_name_format'),
+                    storage_config.get('archive_name_format'),
                    local_borg_version,
                )
            )
@ -60,59 +62,15 @@ def make_info_command(
        + flags.make_repository_flags(repository_path, local_borg_version)
    )
 def display_archives_info(
    repository_path,
    config,
    local_borg_version,
    info_arguments,
    global_arguments,
    local_path='borg',
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
    Given a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, the local Borg version, the
    arguments to the info action as an argparse.Namespace, and global arguments, display summary
    information for Borg archives in the repository or return JSON summary information.
    '''
    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()
    main_command = make_info_command(
        repository_path,
        config,
        local_borg_version,
        info_arguments,
        global_arguments,
        local_path,
        remote_path,
    )
    json_command = make_info_command(
        repository_path,
        config,
        local_borg_version,
        argparse.Namespace(**dict(info_arguments.__dict__, json=True)),
        global_arguments,
        local_path,
        remote_path,
    )
    borg_exit_codes = config.get('borg_exit_codes')
    json_info = execute_command_and_capture_output(
        json_command,
        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(config),
        borg_local_path=local_path,
        borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
    )
    if info_arguments.json:
-        return json_info
+        return execute_command_and_capture_output(
-
+            full_command,
-    flags.warn_for_aggressive_archive_flags(json_command, json_info)
+            extra_environment=environment.make_environment(storage_config),
-
+        )
-    execute_command(
+    else:
-        main_command,
+        execute_command(
-        output_log_level=logging.ANSWER,
+            full_command,
-        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+            output_log_level=logging.ANSWER,
-        borg_local_path=local_path,
+            borg_local_path=local_path,
-        borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+            extra_environment=environment.make_environment(storage_config),
-    )
+        )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/list.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/list.py
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ MAKE_FLAGS_EXCLUDES = (
 def make_list_command(
    repository_path,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    list_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ def make_list_command(
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, the arguments to the list action,
+    Given a local or remote repository path, a storage config dict, the arguments to the list
-    and local and remote Borg paths, return a command as a tuple to list archives or paths within an
+    action, and local and remote Borg paths, return a command as a tuple to list archives or paths
-    archive.
+    within an archive.
    '''
-    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait', None)
+    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
    return (
        (local_path, 'list')
@ -79,11 +79,9 @@ def make_find_paths(find_paths):
        return ()
    return tuple(
-        (
+        find_path
-            find_path
+        if re.compile(r'([-!+RrPp] )|(\w\w:)').match(find_path)
-            if re.compile(r'([-!+RrPp] )|(\w\w:)').match(find_path)
+        else f'sh:**/*{find_path}*/**'
            else f'sh:**/*{find_path}*/**'
        )
        for find_path in find_paths
    )
@ -91,43 +89,40 @@ def make_find_paths(find_paths):
 def capture_archive_listing(
    repository_path,
    archive,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
-    list_paths=None,
+    list_path=None,
    path_format=None,
    local_path='borg',
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given a local or remote repository path, an archive name, a configuration dict, the local Borg
+    Given a local or remote repository path, an archive name, a storage config dict, the local Borg
-    version, global arguments as an argparse.Namespace, the archive paths in which to list files,
+    version, global arguments as an argparse.Namespace, the archive path in which to list files, and
-    the Borg path format to use for the output, and local and remote Borg paths, capture the output
+    local and remote Borg paths, capture the output of listing that archive and return it as a list
-    of listing that archive and return it as a list of file paths.
+    of file paths.
    '''
-    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(config)
+    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(storage_config)
    return tuple(
        execute_command_and_capture_output(
            make_list_command(
                repository_path,
-                config,
+                storage_config,
                local_borg_version,
                argparse.Namespace(
                    repository=repository_path,
                    archive=archive,
-                    paths=[f'sh:{path}' for path in list_paths] if list_paths else None,
+                    paths=[f'sh:{list_path}'],
                    find_paths=None,
                    json=None,
-                    format=path_format or '{path}{NL}',  # noqa: FS003
+                    format='{path}{NL}',  # noqa: FS003
                ),
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            ),
            extra_environment=borg_environment,
            borg_local_path=local_path,
            borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
        )
        .strip('\n')
        .split('\n')
@ -136,7 +131,7 @@ def capture_archive_listing(
 def list_archive(
    repository_path,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    list_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -144,7 +139,7 @@ def list_archive(
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, the local Borg version, global
+    Given a local or remote repository path, a storage config dict, the local Borg version, global
    arguments as an argparse.Namespace, the arguments to the list action as an argparse.Namespace,
    and local and remote Borg paths, display the output of listing the files of a Borg archive (or
    return JSON output). If list_arguments.find_paths are given, list the files by searching across
@ -172,7 +167,7 @@ def list_archive(
        )
        return rlist.list_repository(
            repository_path,
-            config,
+            storage_config,
            local_borg_version,
            rlist_arguments,
            global_arguments,
@ -192,8 +187,7 @@ def list_archive(
            'The --json flag on the list action is not supported when using the --archive/--find flags.'
        )
-    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(config)
+    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(storage_config)
    borg_exit_codes = config.get('borg_exit_codes')
    # If there are any paths to find (and there's not a single archive already selected), start by
    # getting a list of archives to search.
@ -215,7 +209,7 @@ def list_archive(
            execute_command_and_capture_output(
                rlist.make_rlist_command(
                    repository_path,
-                    config,
+                    storage_config,
                    local_borg_version,
                    rlist_arguments,
                    global_arguments,
@ -223,8 +217,6 @@ def list_archive(
                    remote_path,
                ),
                extra_environment=borg_environment,
                borg_local_path=local_path,
                borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
            )
            .strip('\n')
            .split('\n')
@ -246,7 +238,7 @@ def list_archive(
        main_command = make_list_command(
            repository_path,
-            config,
+            storage_config,
            local_borg_version,
            archive_arguments,
            global_arguments,
@ -257,7 +249,6 @@ def list_archive(
        execute_command(
            main_command,
            output_log_level=logging.ANSWER,
            extra_environment=borg_environment,
            borg_local_path=local_path,
-            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+            extra_environment=borg_environment,
        )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/mount.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/mount.py
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ def mount_archive(
    repository_path,
    archive,
    mount_arguments,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
    local_path='borg',
@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ def mount_archive(
    dict, the local Borg version, global arguments as an argparse.Namespace instance, and optional
    local and remote Borg paths, mount the archive onto the mount point.
    '''
-    umask = config.get('umask', None)
+    umask = storage_config.get('umask', None)
-    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait', None)
+    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
    full_command = (
        (local_path, 'mount')
@ -58,22 +58,16 @@ def mount_archive(
        + (tuple(mount_arguments.paths) if mount_arguments.paths else ())
    )
-    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(config)
+    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(storage_config)
    # Don't capture the output when foreground mode is used so that ctrl-C can work properly.
    if mount_arguments.foreground:
        execute_command(
            full_command,
            output_file=DO_NOT_CAPTURE,
            extra_environment=borg_environment,
            borg_local_path=local_path,
-            borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
+            extra_environment=borg_environment,
        )
        return
-    execute_command(
+    execute_command(full_command, borg_local_path=local_path, extra_environment=borg_environment)
        full_command,
        extra_environment=borg_environment,
        borg_local_path=local_path,
        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
    )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/prune.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/prune.py
@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ from borgmatic.execute import execute_command
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-def make_prune_flags(config, local_borg_version):
+def make_prune_flags(storage_config, retention_config, local_borg_version):
    '''
-    Given a configuration dict mapping from option name to value, transform it into an sequence of
+    Given a retention config dict mapping from option name to value, transform it into an sequence of
    command-line flags.
    For example, given a retention config of:
@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ def make_prune_flags(config, local_borg_version):
            ('--keep-monthly', '6'),
        )
    '''
    config = retention_config.copy()
    prefix = config.pop('prefix', None)
    flag_pairs = (
-        ('--' + option_name.replace('_', '-'), str(value))
+        ('--' + option_name.replace('_', '-'), str(value)) for option_name, value in config.items()
        for option_name, value in config.items()
        if option_name.startswith('keep_') and option_name != 'keep_exclude_tags'
    )
    prefix = config.get('prefix')
    return tuple(element for pair in flag_pairs for element in pair) + (
        (
@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ def make_prune_flags(config, local_borg_version):
        if prefix
        else (
            flags.make_match_archives_flags(
-                config.get('match_archives'),
+                storage_config.get('match_archives'),
-                config.get('archive_name_format'),
+                storage_config.get('archive_name_format'),
                local_borg_version,
            )
        )
@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ def make_prune_flags(config, local_borg_version):
 def prune_archives(
    dry_run,
    repository_path,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    retention_config,
    local_borg_version,
    prune_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -58,17 +59,18 @@ def prune_archives(
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given dry-run flag, a local or remote repository path, and a configuration dict, prune Borg
+    Given dry-run flag, a local or remote repository path, a storage config dict, and a
-    archives according to the retention policy specified in that configuration.
+    retention config dict, prune Borg archives according to the retention policy specified in that
    configuration.
    '''
    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()
-    umask = config.get('umask', None)
+    umask = storage_config.get('umask', None)
-    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait', None)
+    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
-    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('prune', '')
+    extra_borg_options = storage_config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('prune', '')
    full_command = (
        (local_path, 'prune')
-        + make_prune_flags(config, local_borg_version)
+        + make_prune_flags(storage_config, retention_config, local_borg_version)
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
        + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
        + (('--log-json',) if global_arguments.log_json else ())
@ -94,7 +96,6 @@ def prune_archives(
    execute_command(
        full_command,
        output_log_level=output_log_level,
        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(config),
        borg_local_path=local_path,
-        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
+        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(storage_config),
    )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/rcreate.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/rcreate.py
@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import argparse
 import json
 import logging
 import subprocess
@ -9,13 +8,13 @@ from borgmatic.execute import DO_NOT_CAPTURE, execute_command
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-RINFO_REPOSITORY_NOT_FOUND_EXIT_CODES = {2, 13}
+RINFO_REPOSITORY_NOT_FOUND_EXIT_CODE = 2
 def create_repository(
    dry_run,
    repository_path,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
    encryption_mode,
@ -28,42 +27,29 @@ def create_repository(
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given a dry-run flag, a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, the local Borg
+    Given a dry-run flag, a local or remote repository path, a storage configuration dict, the local
-    version, a Borg encryption mode, the path to another repo whose key material should be reused,
+    Borg version, a Borg encryption mode, the path to another repo whose key material should be
-    whether the repository should be append-only, and the storage quota to use, create the
+    reused, whether the repository should be append-only, and the storage quota to use, create the
    repository. If the repository already exists, then log and skip creation.
    Raise ValueError if the requested encryption mode does not match that of the repository.
    Raise json.decoder.JSONDecodeError if the "borg info" JSON outputcannot be decoded.
    Raise subprocess.CalledProcessError if "borg info" returns an error exit code.
    '''
    try:
-        info_data = json.loads(
+        rinfo.display_repository_info(
-            rinfo.display_repository_info(
+            repository_path,
-                repository_path,
+            storage_config,
-                config,
+            local_borg_version,
-                local_borg_version,
+            argparse.Namespace(json=True),
-                argparse.Namespace(json=True),
+            global_arguments,
-                global_arguments,
+            local_path,
-                local_path,
+            remote_path,
                remote_path,
            )
        )
        repository_encryption_mode = info_data.get('encryption', {}).get('mode')
        if repository_encryption_mode != encryption_mode:
            raise ValueError(
                f'Requested encryption mode "{encryption_mode}" does not match existing repository encryption mode "{repository_encryption_mode}"'
            )
        logger.info(f'{repository_path}: Repository already exists. Skipping creation.')
        return
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-        if error.returncode not in RINFO_REPOSITORY_NOT_FOUND_EXIT_CODES:
+        if error.returncode != RINFO_REPOSITORY_NOT_FOUND_EXIT_CODE:
            raise
-    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait')
+    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait')
-    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('rcreate', '')
+    extra_borg_options = storage_config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('rcreate', '')
    rcreate_command = (
        (local_path,)
@ -95,7 +81,6 @@ def create_repository(
    execute_command(
        rcreate_command,
        output_file=DO_NOT_CAPTURE,
        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(config),
        borg_local_path=local_path,
-        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
+        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(storage_config),
    )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/rinfo.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/rinfo.py
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def display_repository_info(
    repository_path,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    rinfo_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ def display_repository_info(
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, the local Borg version, the
+    Given a local or remote repository path, a storage config dict, the local Borg version, the
    arguments to the rinfo action, and global arguments as an argparse.Namespace, display summary
    information for the Borg repository or return JSON summary information.
    '''
    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()
-    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait', None)
+    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
    full_command = (
        (local_path,)
@ -48,21 +48,17 @@ def display_repository_info(
        + flags.make_repository_flags(repository_path, local_borg_version)
    )
-    extra_environment = environment.make_environment(config)
+    extra_environment = environment.make_environment(storage_config)
    borg_exit_codes = config.get('borg_exit_codes')
    if rinfo_arguments.json:
        return execute_command_and_capture_output(
            full_command,
            extra_environment=extra_environment,
            borg_local_path=local_path,
            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
        )
    else:
        execute_command(
            full_command,
            output_log_level=logging.ANSWER,
            extra_environment=extra_environment,
            borg_local_path=local_path,
-            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+            extra_environment=extra_environment,
        )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/rlist.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/rlist.py
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 import argparse
 import logging
 import borgmatic.logger
@ -11,14 +10,14 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def resolve_archive_name(
    repository_path,
    archive,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    global_arguments,
    local_path='borg',
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given a local or remote repository path, an archive name, a configuration dict, the local Borg
+    Given a local or remote repository path, an archive name, a storage config dict, the local Borg
    version, global arguments as an argparse.Namespace, a local Borg path, and a remote Borg path,
    return the archive name. But if the archive name is "latest", then instead introspect the
    repository for the latest archive and return its name.
@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ def resolve_archive_name(
        )
        + flags.make_flags('remote-path', remote_path)
        + flags.make_flags('log-json', global_arguments.log_json)
-        + flags.make_flags('lock-wait', config.get('lock_wait'))
+        + flags.make_flags('lock-wait', storage_config.get('lock_wait'))
        + flags.make_flags('last', 1)
        + ('--short',)
        + flags.make_repository_flags(repository_path, local_borg_version)
@ -43,9 +42,7 @@ def resolve_archive_name(
    output = execute_command_and_capture_output(
        full_command,
-        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(storage_config),
        borg_local_path=local_path,
        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
    )
    try:
        latest_archive = output.strip().splitlines()[-1]
@ -62,7 +59,7 @@ MAKE_FLAGS_EXCLUDES = ('repository', 'prefix', 'match_archives')
 def make_rlist_command(
    repository_path,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    rlist_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -70,7 +67,7 @@ def make_rlist_command(
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, the local Borg version, the
+    Given a local or remote repository path, a storage config dict, the local Borg version, the
    arguments to the rlist action, global arguments as an argparse.Namespace instance, and local and
    remote Borg paths, return a command as a tuple to list archives with a repository.
    '''
@ -91,7 +88,7 @@ def make_rlist_command(
        )
        + flags.make_flags('remote-path', remote_path)
        + flags.make_flags('log-json', global_arguments.log_json)
-        + flags.make_flags('lock-wait', config.get('lock_wait'))
+        + flags.make_flags('lock-wait', storage_config.get('lock_wait'))
        + (
            (
                flags.make_flags('match-archives', f'sh:{rlist_arguments.prefix}*')
@ -101,8 +98,8 @@ def make_rlist_command(
            if rlist_arguments.prefix
            else (
                flags.make_match_archives_flags(
-                    rlist_arguments.match_archives or config.get('match_archives'),
+                    rlist_arguments.match_archives or storage_config.get('match_archives'),
-                    config.get('archive_name_format'),
+                    storage_config.get('archive_name_format'),
                    local_borg_version,
                )
            )
@ -114,7 +111,7 @@ def make_rlist_command(
 def list_repository(
    repository_path,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    rlist_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -122,50 +119,30 @@ def list_repository(
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, the local Borg version, the
+    Given a local or remote repository path, a storage config dict, the local Borg version, the
    arguments to the list action, global arguments as an argparse.Namespace instance, and local and
    remote Borg paths, display the output of listing Borg archives in the given repository (or
    return JSON output).
    '''
    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()
-    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(config)
+    borg_environment = environment.make_environment(storage_config)
    main_command = make_rlist_command(
        repository_path,
-        config,
+        storage_config,
        local_borg_version,
        rlist_arguments,
        global_arguments,
        local_path,
        remote_path,
    )
    json_command = make_rlist_command(
        repository_path,
        config,
        local_borg_version,
        argparse.Namespace(**dict(rlist_arguments.__dict__, json=True)),
        global_arguments,
        local_path,
        remote_path,
    )
    borg_exit_codes = config.get('borg_exit_codes')
    json_listing = execute_command_and_capture_output(
        json_command,
        extra_environment=borg_environment,
        borg_local_path=local_path,
        borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
    )
    if rlist_arguments.json:
-        return json_listing
+        return execute_command_and_capture_output(main_command, extra_environment=borg_environment)
-
+    else:
-    flags.warn_for_aggressive_archive_flags(json_command, json_listing)
+        execute_command(
-
+            main_command,
-    execute_command(
+            output_log_level=logging.ANSWER,
-        main_command,
+            borg_local_path=local_path,
-        output_log_level=logging.ANSWER,
+            extra_environment=borg_environment,
-        extra_environment=borg_environment,
+        )
        borg_local_path=local_path,
        borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
    )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/transfer.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/transfer.py
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def transfer_archives(
    dry_run,
    repository_path,
-    config,
+    storage_config,
    local_borg_version,
    transfer_arguments,
    global_arguments,
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ def transfer_archives(
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given a dry-run flag, a local or remote repository path, a configuration dict, the local Borg
+    Given a dry-run flag, a local or remote repository path, a storage config dict, the local Borg
    version, the arguments to the transfer action, and global arguments as an argparse.Namespace
    instance, transfer archives to the given repository.
    '''
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def transfer_archives(
        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
        + flags.make_flags('remote-path', remote_path)
        + flags.make_flags('log-json', global_arguments.log_json)
-        + flags.make_flags('lock-wait', config.get('lock_wait', None))
+        + flags.make_flags('lock-wait', storage_config.get('lock_wait', None))
        + (
            flags.make_flags_from_arguments(
                transfer_arguments,
@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ def transfer_archives(
                flags.make_match_archives_flags(
                    transfer_arguments.match_archives
                    or transfer_arguments.archive
-                    or config.get('match_archives'),
+                    or storage_config.get('match_archives'),
-                    config.get('archive_name_format'),
+                    storage_config.get('archive_name_format'),
                    local_borg_version,
                )
            )
@ -56,6 +56,5 @@ def transfer_archives(
        output_log_level=logging.ANSWER,
        output_file=DO_NOT_CAPTURE if transfer_arguments.progress else None,
        borg_local_path=local_path,
-        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
+        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(storage_config),
        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(config),
    )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/umount.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/umount.py
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from borgmatic.execute import execute_command
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-def unmount_archive(config, mount_point, local_path='borg'):
+def unmount_archive(mount_point, local_path='borg'):
    '''
    Given a mounted filesystem mount point, and an optional local Borg paths, umount the filesystem
    from the mount point.
@ -17,6 +17,4 @@ def unmount_archive(config, mount_point, local_path='borg'):
        + (mount_point,)
    )
-    execute_command(
+    execute_command(full_command)
        full_command, borg_local_path=local_path, borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes')
    )
--- a/borgmatic/borg/version.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/version.py
@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ from borgmatic.execute import execute_command_and_capture_output
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-def local_borg_version(config, local_path='borg'):
+def local_borg_version(storage_config, local_path='borg'):
    '''
-    Given a configuration dict and a local Borg binary path, return a version string for it.
+    Given a storage configuration dict and a local Borg binary path, return a version string for it.
    Raise OSError or CalledProcessError if there is a problem running Borg.
    Raise ValueError if the version cannot be parsed.
@ -20,9 +20,7 @@ def local_borg_version(config, local_path='borg'):
    )
    output = execute_command_and_capture_output(
        full_command,
-        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+        extra_environment=environment.make_environment(storage_config),
        borg_local_path=local_path,
        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
    )
    try:
--- a/borgmatic/commands/arguments.py
+++ b/borgmatic/commands/arguments.py
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import collections
 import itertools
 import sys
-from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from argparse import Action, ArgumentParser
 from borgmatic.config import collect
@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ ACTION_ALIASES = {
    'info': ['-i'],
    'transfer': [],
    'break-lock': [],
    'key': [],
    'borg': [],
 }
@ -113,54 +112,6 @@ def parse_and_record_action_arguments(
    return tuple(argument for argument in remaining if argument != action_name)
 def argument_is_flag(argument):
    '''
    Return True if the given argument looks like a flag, e.g. '--some-flag', as opposed to a
    non-flag value.
    '''
    return isinstance(argument, str) and argument.startswith('--')
 def group_arguments_with_values(arguments):
    '''
    Given a sequence of arguments, return a sequence of tuples where each one contains either a
    single argument (such as for a stand-alone flag) or a flag argument and its corresponding value.
    For instance, given the following arguments sequence as input:
      ('--foo', '--bar', '33', '--baz')
    ... return the following output:
      (('--foo',), ('--bar', '33'), ('--baz',))
    '''
    grouped_arguments = []
    index = 0
    while index < len(arguments):
        this_argument = arguments[index]
        try:
            next_argument = arguments[index + 1]
        except IndexError:
            grouped_arguments.append((this_argument,))
            break
        if (
            argument_is_flag(this_argument)
            and not argument_is_flag(next_argument)
            and next_argument not in ACTION_ALIASES
        ):
            grouped_arguments.append((this_argument, next_argument))
            index += 2
            continue
        grouped_arguments.append((this_argument,))
        index += 1
    return tuple(grouped_arguments)
 def get_unparsable_arguments(remaining_action_arguments):
    '''
    Given a sequence of argument tuples (one per action parser that parsed arguments), determine the
@ -169,21 +120,12 @@ def get_unparsable_arguments(remaining_action_arguments):
    if not remaining_action_arguments:
        return ()
    grouped_action_arguments = tuple(
        group_arguments_with_values(action_arguments)
        for action_arguments in remaining_action_arguments
    )
    return tuple(
-        itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+        argument
-            argument_group
+        for argument in dict.fromkeys(
-            for argument_group in dict.fromkeys(
+            itertools.chain.from_iterable(remaining_action_arguments)
-                itertools.chain.from_iterable(grouped_action_arguments)
+        ).keys()
-            ).keys()
+        if all(argument in action_arguments for action_arguments in remaining_action_arguments)
            if all(
                argument_group in action_arguments for action_arguments in grouped_action_arguments
            )
        )
    )
@ -274,12 +216,42 @@ def parse_arguments_for_actions(unparsed_arguments, action_parsers, global_parse
    arguments['global'], remaining = global_parser.parse_known_args(unparsed_arguments)
    remaining_action_arguments.append(remaining)
    # Prevent action names and arguments that follow "--config" paths from being considered as
    # additional paths.
    for argument_name in arguments.keys():
        if argument_name == 'global':
            continue
        for action_name in [argument_name] + ACTION_ALIASES.get(argument_name, []):
            try:
                action_name_index = arguments['global'].config_paths.index(action_name)
                arguments['global'].config_paths = arguments['global'].config_paths[
                    :action_name_index
                ]
                break
            except ValueError:
                pass
    return (
        arguments,
        tuple(remaining_action_arguments) if arguments else unparsed_arguments,
    )
 class Extend_action(Action):
    '''
    An argparse action to support Python 3.8's "extend" action in older versions of Python.
    '''
    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
        items = getattr(namespace, self.dest, None)
        if items:
            items.extend(values)  # pragma: no cover
        else:
            setattr(namespace, self.dest, list(values))
 def make_parsers():
    '''
    Build a global arguments parser, individual action parsers, and a combined parser containing
@ -291,14 +263,16 @@ def make_parsers():
    unexpanded_config_paths = collect.get_default_config_paths(expand_home=False)
    global_parser = ArgumentParser(add_help=False)
    global_parser.register('action', 'extend', Extend_action)
    global_group = global_parser.add_argument_group('global arguments')
    global_group.add_argument(
        '-c',
        '--config',
        nargs='*',
        dest='config_paths',
-        action='append',
+        default=config_paths,
-        help=f"Configuration filename or directory, can specify flag multiple times, defaults to: {' '.join(unexpanded_config_paths)}",
+        help=f"Configuration filenames or directories, defaults to: {' '.join(unexpanded_config_paths)}",
    )
    global_group.add_argument(
        '-n',
@ -316,28 +290,28 @@ def make_parsers():
        type=int,
        choices=range(-2, 3),
        default=0,
-        help='Display verbose progress to the console: -2 (disabled), -1 (errors only), 0 (responses to actions, the default), 1 (info about steps borgmatic is taking), or 2 (debug)',
+        help='Display verbose progress to the console (disabled, errors only, default, some, or lots: -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2)',
    )
    global_group.add_argument(
        '--syslog-verbosity',
        type=int,
        choices=range(-2, 3),
-        default=-2,
+        default=0,
-        help='Log verbose progress to syslog: -2 (disabled, the default), -1 (errors only), 0 (responses to actions), 1 (info about steps borgmatic is taking), or 2 (debug)',
+        help='Log verbose progress to syslog (disabled, errors only, default, some, or lots: -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2). Ignored when console is interactive or --log-file is given',
    )
    global_group.add_argument(
        '--log-file-verbosity',
        type=int,
        choices=range(-2, 3),
-        default=1,
+        default=0,
-        help='When --log-file is given, log verbose progress to file: -2 (disabled), -1 (errors only), 0 (responses to actions), 1 (info about steps borgmatic is taking, the default), or 2 (debug)',
+        help='Log verbose progress to log file (disabled, errors only, default, some, or lots: -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2). Only used when --log-file is given',
    )
    global_group.add_argument(
        '--monitoring-verbosity',
        type=int,
        choices=range(-2, 3),
-        default=1,
+        default=0,
-        help='When a monitoring integration supporting logging is configured, log verbose progress to it: -2 (disabled), -1 (errors only), responses to actions (0), 1 (info about steps borgmatic is taking, the default), or 2 (debug)',
+        help='Log verbose progress to monitoring integrations that support logging (from disabled, errors only, default, some, or lots: -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2)',
    )
    global_group.add_argument(
        '--log-file',
@ -356,10 +330,11 @@ def make_parsers():
    )
    global_group.add_argument(
        '--override',
-        metavar='OPTION.SUBOPTION=VALUE',
+        metavar='SECTION.OPTION=VALUE',
        nargs='+',
        dest='overrides',
-        action='append',
+        action='extend',
-        help='Configuration file option to override with specified value, see documentation for overriding list or key/value options, can specify flag multiple times',
+        help='One or more configuration file options to override with specified values',
    )
    global_group.add_argument(
        '--no-environment-interpolation',
@ -389,8 +364,9 @@ def make_parsers():
    global_plus_action_parser = ArgumentParser(
        description='''
-            Simple, configuration-driven backup software for servers and workstations. If no actions
+            Simple, configuration-driven backup software for servers and workstations. If none of
-            are given, then borgmatic defaults to: create, prune, compact, and check.
+            the action options are given, then borgmatic defaults to: create, prune, compact, and
            check.
            ''',
        parents=[global_parser],
    )
@ -524,8 +500,8 @@ def make_parsers():
    prune_parser = action_parsers.add_parser(
        'prune',
        aliases=ACTION_ALIASES['prune'],
-        help='Prune archives according to the retention policy (with Borg 1.2+, you must run compact afterwards to actually free space)',
+        help='Prune archives according to the retention policy (with Borg 1.2+, run compact afterwards to actually free space)',
-        description='Prune archives according to the retention policy (with Borg 1.2+, you must run compact afterwards to actually free space)',
+        description='Prune archives according to the retention policy (with Borg 1.2+, run compact afterwards to actually free space)',
        add_help=False,
    )
    prune_group = prune_parser.add_argument_group('prune arguments')
@ -661,25 +637,13 @@ def make_parsers():
        action='store_true',
        help='Attempt to repair any inconsistencies found (for interactive use)',
    )
    check_group.add_argument(
        '--max-duration',
        metavar='SECONDS',
        help='How long to check the repository before interrupting the check, defaults to no interruption',
    )
    check_group.add_argument(
        '-a',
        '--match-archives',
        '--glob-archives',
        metavar='PATTERN',
        help='Only check archives with names matching this pattern',
    )
    check_group.add_argument(
        '--only',
        metavar='CHECK',
-        choices=('repository', 'archives', 'data', 'extract', 'spot'),
+        choices=('repository', 'archives', 'data', 'extract'),
-        dest='only_checks',
+        dest='only',
        action='append',
-        help='Run a particular consistency check (repository, archives, data, extract, or spot) instead of configured checks (subject to configured frequency, can specify flag multiple times)',
+        help='Run a particular consistency check (repository, archives, data, or extract) instead of configured checks (subject to configured frequency, can specify flag multiple times)',
    )
    check_group.add_argument(
        '--force',
@ -708,9 +672,9 @@ def make_parsers():
        '--path',
        '--restore-path',
        metavar='PATH',
        nargs='+',
        dest='paths',
-        action='append',
+        help='Paths to extract from archive, defaults to the entire archive',
        help='Path to extract from archive, can specify flag multiple times, defaults to the entire archive',
    )
    extract_group.add_argument(
        '--destination',
@ -793,11 +757,6 @@ def make_parsers():
        action='store_true',
        help='Display progress for each file as it is extracted',
    )
    config_bootstrap_group.add_argument(
        '--ssh-command',
        metavar='COMMAND',
        help='Command to use instead of "ssh"',
    )
    config_bootstrap_group.add_argument(
        '-h', '--help', action='help', help='Show this help message and exit'
    )
@ -867,9 +826,9 @@ def make_parsers():
    export_tar_group.add_argument(
        '--path',
        metavar='PATH',
        nargs='+',
        dest='paths',
-        action='append',
+        help='Paths to export from archive, defaults to the entire archive',
        help='Path to export from archive, can specify flag multiple times, defaults to the entire archive',
    )
    export_tar_group.add_argument(
        '--destination',
@ -918,9 +877,9 @@ def make_parsers():
    mount_group.add_argument(
        '--path',
        metavar='PATH',
        nargs='+',
        dest='paths',
-        action='append',
+        help='Paths to mount from archive, defaults to the entire archive',
        help='Path to mount from archive, can specify multiple times, defaults to the entire archive',
    )
    mount_group.add_argument(
        '--foreground',
@ -980,8 +939,8 @@ def make_parsers():
    restore_parser = action_parsers.add_parser(
        'restore',
        aliases=ACTION_ALIASES['restore'],
-        help='Restore data source (e.g. database) dumps from a named archive',
+        help='Restore database dumps from a named archive',
-        description='Restore data source (e.g. database) dumps from a named archive. (To extract files instead, use "borgmatic extract".)',
+        description='Restore database dumps from a named archive. (To extract files instead, use "borgmatic extract".)',
        add_help=False,
    )
    restore_group = restore_parser.add_argument_group('restore arguments')
@ -993,19 +952,18 @@ def make_parsers():
        '--archive', help='Name of archive to restore from (or "latest")', required=True
    )
    restore_group.add_argument(
        '--data-source',
        '--database',
        metavar='NAME',
-        dest='data_sources',
+        nargs='+',
-        action='append',
+        dest='databases',
-        help="Name of data source (e.g. database) to restore from archive, must be defined in borgmatic's configuration, can specify flag multiple times, defaults to all data sources in the archive",
+        help="Names of databases to restore from archive, defaults to all databases. Note that any databases to restore must be defined in borgmatic's configuration",
    )
    restore_group.add_argument(
        '--schema',
        metavar='NAME',
        nargs='+',
        dest='schemas',
-        action='append',
+        help='Names of schemas to restore from the database, defaults to all schemas. Schemas are only supported for PostgreSQL and MongoDB databases',
        help='Name of schema to restore from the data source, can specify flag multiple times, defaults to all schemas. Schemas are only supported for PostgreSQL and MongoDB databases',
    )
    restore_group.add_argument(
        '--hostname',
@ -1013,7 +971,7 @@ def make_parsers():
    )
    restore_group.add_argument(
        '--port',
-        help='Database port to restore to. Defaults to the "restore_port" option in borgmatic\'s configuration',
+        help='Port to restore to. Defaults to the "restore_port" option in borgmatic\'s configuration',
    )
    restore_group.add_argument(
        '--username',
@ -1107,16 +1065,16 @@ def make_parsers():
    list_group.add_argument(
        '--path',
        metavar='PATH',
        nargs='+',
        dest='paths',
-        action='append',
+        help='Paths or patterns to list from a single selected archive (via "--archive"), defaults to listing the entire archive',
        help='Path or pattern to list from a single selected archive (via "--archive"), can specify flag multiple times, defaults to listing the entire archive',
    )
    list_group.add_argument(
        '--find',
        metavar='PATH',
        nargs='+',
        dest='find_paths',
-        action='append',
+        help='Partial paths or patterns to search for and list across multiple archives',
        help='Partial path or pattern to search for and list across multiple archives, can specify flag multiple times',
    )
    list_group.add_argument(
        '--short', default=False, action='store_true', help='Output only path names'
@ -1252,51 +1210,6 @@ def make_parsers():
        '-h', '--help', action='help', help='Show this help message and exit'
    )
    key_parser = action_parsers.add_parser(
        'key',
        aliases=ACTION_ALIASES['key'],
        help='Perform repository key related operations',
        description='Perform repository key related operations',
        add_help=False,
    )
    key_group = key_parser.add_argument_group('key arguments')
    key_group.add_argument('-h', '--help', action='help', help='Show this help message and exit')
    key_parsers = key_parser.add_subparsers(
        title='key sub-actions',
    )
    key_export_parser = key_parsers.add_parser(
        'export',
        help='Export a copy of the repository key for safekeeping in case the original goes missing or gets damaged',
        description='Export a copy of the repository key for safekeeping in case the original goes missing or gets damaged',
        add_help=False,
    )
    key_export_group = key_export_parser.add_argument_group('key export arguments')
    key_export_group.add_argument(
        '--paper',
        action='store_true',
        help='Export the key in a text format suitable for printing and later manual entry',
    )
    key_export_group.add_argument(
        '--qr-html',
        action='store_true',
        help='Export the key in an HTML format suitable for printing and later manual entry or QR code scanning',
    )
    key_export_group.add_argument(
        '--repository',
        help='Path of repository to export the key for, defaults to the configured repository if there is only one',
    )
    key_export_group.add_argument(
        '--path',
        metavar='PATH',
        help='Path to export the key to, defaults to stdout (but be careful about dirtying the output with --verbosity)',
    )
    key_export_group.add_argument(
        '-h', '--help', action='help', help='Show this help message and exit'
    )
    borg_parser = action_parsers.add_parser(
        'borg',
        aliases=ACTION_ALIASES['borg'],
@ -1335,9 +1248,6 @@ def parse_arguments(*unparsed_arguments):
        unparsed_arguments, action_parsers.choices, global_parser
    )
    if not arguments['global'].config_paths:
        arguments['global'].config_paths = collect.get_default_config_paths(expand_home=True)
    for action_name in ('bootstrap', 'generate', 'validate'):
        if (
            action_name in arguments.keys() and len(arguments.keys()) > 2
@ -1402,7 +1312,4 @@ def parse_arguments(*unparsed_arguments):
            'With the info action, only one of --archive, --prefix, or --match-archives flags can be used.'
        )
    if 'borg' in arguments and arguments['global'].dry_run:
        raise ValueError('With the borg action, --dry-run is not supported.')
    return arguments
--- a/borgmatic/commands/borgmatic.py
+++ b/borgmatic/commands/borgmatic.py
@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import collections
 import importlib.metadata
 import json
 import logging
 import os
@ -10,6 +9,11 @@ from subprocess import CalledProcessError
 import colorama
 try:
    import importlib_metadata
 except ModuleNotFoundError:  # pragma: nocover
    import importlib.metadata as importlib_metadata
 import borgmatic.actions.borg
 import borgmatic.actions.break_lock
 import borgmatic.actions.check
@ -18,7 +22,6 @@ import borgmatic.actions.config.bootstrap
 import borgmatic.actions.config.generate
 import borgmatic.actions.config.validate
 import borgmatic.actions.create
 import borgmatic.actions.export_key
 import borgmatic.actions.export_tar
 import borgmatic.actions.extract
 import borgmatic.actions.info
@ -44,52 +47,35 @@ from borgmatic.verbosity import verbosity_to_log_level
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-def get_skip_actions(config, arguments):
+def run_configuration(config_filename, config, arguments):
    '''
-    Given a configuration dict and command-line arguments as an argparse.Namespace, return a list of
+    Given a config filename, the corresponding parsed config dict, and command-line arguments as a
-    the configured action names to skip. Omit "check" from this list though if "check --force" is
+    dict from subparser name to a namespace of parsed arguments, execute the defined create, prune,
-    part of the command-like arguments.
+    compact, check, and/or other actions.
    '''
    skip_actions = config.get('skip_actions', [])
    if 'check' in arguments and arguments['check'].force:
        return [action for action in skip_actions if action != 'check']
    return skip_actions
 def run_configuration(config_filename, config, config_paths, arguments):
    '''
    Given a config filename, the corresponding parsed config dict, a sequence of loaded
    configuration paths, and command-line arguments as a dict from subparser name to a namespace of
    parsed arguments, execute the defined create, prune, compact, check, and/or other actions.
    Yield a combination of:
      * JSON output strings from successfully executing any actions that produce JSON
      * logging.LogRecord instances containing errors from any actions or backup hooks that fail
    '''
    (location, storage, retention, consistency, hooks) = (
        config.get(section_name, {})
        for section_name in ('location', 'storage', 'retention', 'consistency', 'hooks')
    )
    global_arguments = arguments['global']
-    local_path = config.get('local_path', 'borg')
+    local_path = location.get('local_path', 'borg')
-    remote_path = config.get('remote_path')
+    remote_path = location.get('remote_path')
-    retries = config.get('retries', 0)
+    retries = storage.get('retries', 0)
-    retry_wait = config.get('retry_wait', 0)
+    retry_wait = storage.get('retry_wait', 0)
    encountered_error = None
    error_repository = ''
    using_primary_action = {'create', 'prune', 'compact', 'check'}.intersection(arguments)
    monitoring_log_level = verbosity_to_log_level(global_arguments.monitoring_verbosity)
    monitoring_hooks_are_activated = using_primary_action and monitoring_log_level != DISABLED
    skip_actions = get_skip_actions(config, arguments)
    if skip_actions:
        logger.debug(
            f"{config_filename}: Skipping {'/'.join(skip_actions)} action{'s' if len(skip_actions) > 1 else ''} due to configured skip_actions"
        )
    try:
-        local_borg_version = borg_version.local_borg_version(config, local_path)
+        local_borg_version = borg_version.local_borg_version(storage, local_path)
        logger.debug(f'{config_filename}: Borg {local_borg_version}')
    except (OSError, CalledProcessError, ValueError) as error:
        yield from log_error_records(f'{config_filename}: Error getting local Borg version', error)
        return
@ -98,7 +84,7 @@ def run_configuration(config_filename, config, config_paths, arguments):
        if monitoring_hooks_are_activated:
            dispatch.call_hooks(
                'initialize_monitor',
-                config,
+                hooks,
                config_filename,
                monitor.MONITOR_HOOK_NAMES,
                monitoring_log_level,
@ -107,7 +93,7 @@ def run_configuration(config_filename, config, config_paths, arguments):
            dispatch.call_hooks(
                'ping_monitor',
-                config,
+                hooks,
                config_filename,
                monitor.MONITOR_HOOK_NAMES,
                monitor.State.START,
@ -123,7 +109,7 @@ def run_configuration(config_filename, config, config_paths, arguments):
    if not encountered_error:
        repo_queue = Queue()
-        for repo in config['repositories']:
+        for repo in location['repositories']:
            repo_queue.put(
                (repo, 0),
            )
@ -143,8 +129,11 @@ def run_configuration(config_filename, config, config_paths, arguments):
                yield from run_actions(
                    arguments=arguments,
                    config_filename=config_filename,
-                    config=config,
+                    location=location,
-                    config_paths=config_paths,
+                    storage=storage,
                    retention=retention,
                    consistency=consistency,
                    hooks=hooks,
                    local_path=local_path,
                    remote_path=remote_path,
                    local_borg_version=local_borg_version,
@ -169,7 +158,7 @@ def run_configuration(config_filename, config, config_paths, arguments):
                    continue
                if command.considered_soft_failure(config_filename, error):
-                    break
+                    return
                yield from log_error_records(
                    f'{repository.get("label", repository["path"])}: Error running actions for repository',
@ -180,10 +169,10 @@ def run_configuration(config_filename, config, config_paths, arguments):
    try:
        if monitoring_hooks_are_activated:
-            # Send logs irrespective of error.
+            # send logs irrespective of error
            dispatch.call_hooks(
                'ping_monitor',
-                config,
+                hooks,
                config_filename,
                monitor.MONITOR_HOOK_NAMES,
                monitor.State.LOG,
@ -191,16 +180,18 @@ def run_configuration(config_filename, config, config_paths, arguments):
                global_arguments.dry_run,
            )
    except (OSError, CalledProcessError) as error:
-        if not command.considered_soft_failure(config_filename, error):
+        if command.considered_soft_failure(config_filename, error):
-            encountered_error = error
+            return
-            yield from log_error_records(f'{repository["path"]}: Error pinging monitor', error)
+
        encountered_error = error
        yield from log_error_records(f'{repository["path"]}: Error pinging monitor', error)
    if not encountered_error:
        try:
            if monitoring_hooks_are_activated:
                dispatch.call_hooks(
                    'ping_monitor',
-                    config,
+                    hooks,
                    config_filename,
                    monitor.MONITOR_HOOK_NAMES,
                    monitor.State.FINISH,
@ -209,7 +200,7 @@ def run_configuration(config_filename, config, config_paths, arguments):
                )
                dispatch.call_hooks(
                    'destroy_monitor',
-                    config,
+                    hooks,
                    config_filename,
                    monitor.MONITOR_HOOK_NAMES,
                    monitoring_log_level,
@ -225,8 +216,8 @@ def run_configuration(config_filename, config, config_paths, arguments):
    if encountered_error and using_primary_action:
        try:
            command.execute_hook(
-                config.get('on_error'),
+                hooks.get('on_error'),
-                config.get('umask'),
+                hooks.get('umask'),
                config_filename,
                'on-error',
                global_arguments.dry_run,
@ -236,7 +227,7 @@ def run_configuration(config_filename, config, config_paths, arguments):
            )
            dispatch.call_hooks(
                'ping_monitor',
-                config,
+                hooks,
                config_filename,
                monitor.MONITOR_HOOK_NAMES,
                monitor.State.FAIL,
@ -245,7 +236,7 @@ def run_configuration(config_filename, config, config_paths, arguments):
            )
            dispatch.call_hooks(
                'destroy_monitor',
-                config,
+                hooks,
                config_filename,
                monitor.MONITOR_HOOK_NAMES,
                monitoring_log_level,
@ -262,8 +253,11 @@ def run_actions(
    *,
    arguments,
    config_filename,
-    config,
+    location,
-    config_paths,
+    storage,
    retention,
    consistency,
    hooks,
    local_path,
    remote_path,
    local_borg_version,
@ -271,9 +265,9 @@ def run_actions(
 ):
    '''
    Given parsed command-line arguments as an argparse.ArgumentParser instance, the configuration
-    filename, a configuration dict, a sequence of loaded configuration paths, local and remote paths
+    filename, several different configuration dicts, local and remote paths to Borg, a local Borg
-    to Borg, a local Borg version string, and a repository name, run all actions from the
+    version string, and a repository name, run all actions from the command-line arguments on the
-    command-line arguments on the given repository.
+    given repository.
    Yield JSON output strings from executing any actions that produce JSON.
@ -286,17 +280,15 @@ def run_actions(
    global_arguments = arguments['global']
    dry_run_label = ' (dry run; not making any changes)' if global_arguments.dry_run else ''
    hook_context = {
        'repository_label': repository.get('label', ''),
        'log_file': global_arguments.log_file if global_arguments.log_file else '',
        # Deprecated: For backwards compatibility with borgmatic < 1.6.0.
        'repositories': ','.join([repo['path'] for repo in config['repositories']]),
        'repository': repository_path,
        # Deprecated: For backwards compatibility with borgmatic < 1.6.0.
        'repositories': ','.join([repo['path'] for repo in location['repositories']]),
        'log_file': global_arguments.log_file if global_arguments.log_file else '',
    }
    skip_actions = set(get_skip_actions(config, arguments))
    command.execute_hook(
-        config.get('before_actions'),
+        hooks.get('before_actions'),
-        config.get('umask'),
+        hooks.get('umask'),
        config_filename,
        'pre-actions',
        global_arguments.dry_run,
@ -304,32 +296,33 @@ def run_actions(
    )
    for action_name, action_arguments in arguments.items():
-        if action_name == 'rcreate' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        if action_name == 'rcreate':
            borgmatic.actions.rcreate.run_rcreate(
                repository,
-                config,
+                storage,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            )
-        elif action_name == 'transfer' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        elif action_name == 'transfer':
            borgmatic.actions.transfer.run_transfer(
                repository,
-                config,
+                storage,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            )
-        elif action_name == 'create' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        elif action_name == 'create':
            yield from borgmatic.actions.create.run_create(
                config_filename,
                repository,
-                config,
+                location,
-                config_paths,
+                storage,
                hooks,
                hook_context,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
@ -338,11 +331,13 @@ def run_actions(
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            )
-        elif action_name == 'prune' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        elif action_name == 'prune':
            borgmatic.actions.prune.run_prune(
                config_filename,
                repository,
-                config,
+                storage,
                retention,
                hooks,
                hook_context,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
@ -351,11 +346,13 @@ def run_actions(
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            )
-        elif action_name == 'compact' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        elif action_name == 'compact':
            borgmatic.actions.compact.run_compact(
                config_filename,
                repository,
-                config,
+                storage,
                retention,
                hooks,
                hook_context,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
@ -364,12 +361,15 @@ def run_actions(
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            )
-        elif action_name == 'check' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        elif action_name == 'check':
-            if checks.repository_enabled_for_checks(repository, config):
+            if checks.repository_enabled_for_checks(repository, consistency):
                borgmatic.actions.check.run_check(
                    config_filename,
                    repository,
-                    config,
+                    location,
                    storage,
                    consistency,
                    hooks,
                    hook_context,
                    local_borg_version,
                    action_arguments,
@ -377,11 +377,13 @@ def run_actions(
                    local_path,
                    remote_path,
                )
-        elif action_name == 'extract' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        elif action_name == 'extract':
            borgmatic.actions.extract.run_extract(
                config_filename,
                repository,
-                config,
+                location,
                storage,
                hooks,
                hook_context,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
@ -389,100 +391,92 @@ def run_actions(
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            )
-        elif action_name == 'export-tar' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        elif action_name == 'export-tar':
            borgmatic.actions.export_tar.run_export_tar(
                repository,
-                config,
+                storage,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            )
-        elif action_name == 'mount' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        elif action_name == 'mount':
            borgmatic.actions.mount.run_mount(
                repository,
-                config,
+                storage,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            )
-        elif action_name == 'restore' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        elif action_name == 'restore':
            borgmatic.actions.restore.run_restore(
                repository,
-                config,
+                location,
                storage,
                hooks,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            )
-        elif action_name == 'rlist' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        elif action_name == 'rlist':
            yield from borgmatic.actions.rlist.run_rlist(
                repository,
-                config,
+                storage,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            )
-        elif action_name == 'list' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        elif action_name == 'list':
            yield from borgmatic.actions.list.run_list(
                repository,
-                config,
+                storage,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            )
-        elif action_name == 'rinfo' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        elif action_name == 'rinfo':
            yield from borgmatic.actions.rinfo.run_rinfo(
                repository,
-                config,
+                storage,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            )
-        elif action_name == 'info' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        elif action_name == 'info':
            yield from borgmatic.actions.info.run_info(
                repository,
-                config,
+                storage,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            )
-        elif action_name == 'break-lock' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        elif action_name == 'break-lock':
            borgmatic.actions.break_lock.run_break_lock(
                repository,
-                config,
+                storage,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            )
-        elif action_name == 'export' and action_name not in skip_actions:
+        elif action_name == 'borg':
            borgmatic.actions.export_key.run_export_key(
                repository,
                config,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
            )
        elif action_name == 'borg' and action_name not in skip_actions:
            borgmatic.actions.borg.run_borg(
                repository,
-                config,
+                storage,
                local_borg_version,
                action_arguments,
                global_arguments,
@ -491,8 +485,8 @@ def run_actions(
            )
    command.execute_hook(
-        config.get('after_actions'),
+        hooks.get('after_actions'),
-        config.get('umask'),
+        hooks.get('umask'),
        config_filename,
        'post-actions',
        global_arguments.dry_run,
@ -504,15 +498,13 @@ def load_configurations(config_filenames, overrides=None, resolve_env=True):
    '''
    Given a sequence of configuration filenames, load and validate each configuration file. Return
    the results as a tuple of: dict of configuration filename to corresponding parsed configuration,
-    a sequence of paths for all loaded configuration files (including includes), and a sequence of
+    and sequence of logging.LogRecord instances containing any parse errors.
    logging.LogRecord instances containing any parse errors.
    Log records are returned here instead of being logged directly because logging isn't yet
    initialized at this point!
    '''
    # Dict mapping from config filename to corresponding parsed config dict.
    configs = collections.OrderedDict()
    config_paths = set()
    logs = []
    # Parse and load each configuration file.
@ -529,10 +521,9 @@ def load_configurations(config_filenames, overrides=None, resolve_env=True):
            ]
        )
        try:
-            configs[config_filename], paths, parse_logs = validate.parse_configuration(
+            configs[config_filename], parse_logs = validate.parse_configuration(
                config_filename, validate.schema_filename(), overrides, resolve_env
            )
            config_paths.update(paths)
            logs.extend(parse_logs)
        except PermissionError:
            logs.extend(
@ -562,7 +553,7 @@ def load_configurations(config_filenames, overrides=None, resolve_env=True):
                ]
            )
-    return (configs, sorted(config_paths), logs)
+    return (configs, logs)
 def log_record(suppress_log=False, **kwargs):
@ -599,24 +590,14 @@ def log_error_records(
        raise error
    except CalledProcessError as error:
        yield log_record(levelno=levelno, levelname=level_name, msg=message)
        if error.output:
-            try:
+            # Suppress these logs for now and save full error output for the log summary at the end.
-                output = error.output.decode('utf-8')
+            yield log_record(
-            except (UnicodeDecodeError, AttributeError):
+                levelno=levelno,
-                output = error.output
+                levelname=level_name,
-
+                msg=error.output,
-            # Suppress these logs for now and save the error output for the log summary at the end.
+                suppress_log=not log_command_error_output,
-            # Log a separate record per line, as some errors can be really verbose and overflow the
+            )
            # per-record size limits imposed by some logging backends.
            for output_line in output.splitlines():
                yield log_record(
                    levelno=levelno,
                    levelname=level_name,
                    msg=output_line,
                    suppress_log=True,
                )
        yield log_record(levelno=levelno, levelname=level_name, msg=error)
    except (ValueError, OSError) as error:
        yield log_record(levelno=levelno, levelname=level_name, msg=message)
@ -632,7 +613,7 @@ def get_local_path(configs):
    Arbitrarily return the local path from the first configuration dict. Default to "borg" if not
    set.
    '''
-    return next(iter(configs.values())).get('local_path', 'borg')
+    return next(iter(configs.values())).get('location', {}).get('local_path', 'borg')
 def collect_highlander_action_summary_logs(configs, arguments, configuration_parse_errors):
@ -646,8 +627,6 @@ def collect_highlander_action_summary_logs(configs, arguments, configuration_par
    A highlander action is an action that cannot coexist with other actions on the borgmatic
    command-line, and borgmatic exits after processing such an action.
    '''
    add_custom_log_levels()
    if 'bootstrap' in arguments:
        try:
            # No configuration file is needed for bootstrap.
@ -729,12 +708,12 @@ def collect_highlander_action_summary_logs(configs, arguments, configuration_par
        return
-def collect_configuration_run_summary_logs(configs, config_paths, arguments):
+def collect_configuration_run_summary_logs(configs, arguments):
    '''
-    Given a dict of configuration filename to corresponding parsed configuration, a sequence of
+    Given a dict of configuration filename to corresponding parsed configuration and parsed
-    loaded configuration paths, and parsed command-line arguments as a dict from subparser name to a
+    command-line arguments as a dict from subparser name to a parsed namespace of arguments, run
-    parsed namespace of arguments, run each configuration file and yield a series of
+    each configuration file and yield a series of logging.LogRecord instances containing summary
-    logging.LogRecord instances containing summary information about each run.
+    information about each run.
    As a side effect of running through these configuration files, output their JSON results, if
    any, to stdout.
@ -765,9 +744,10 @@ def collect_configuration_run_summary_logs(configs, config_paths, arguments):
    if 'create' in arguments:
        try:
            for config_filename, config in configs.items():
                hooks = config.get('hooks', {})
                command.execute_hook(
-                    config.get('before_everything'),
+                    hooks.get('before_everything'),
-                    config.get('umask'),
+                    hooks.get('umask'),
                    config_filename,
                    'pre-everything',
                    arguments['global'].dry_run,
@ -779,7 +759,7 @@ def collect_configuration_run_summary_logs(configs, config_paths, arguments):
    # Execute the actions corresponding to each configuration file.
    json_results = []
    for config_filename, config in configs.items():
-        results = list(run_configuration(config_filename, config, config_paths, arguments))
+        results = list(run_configuration(config_filename, config, arguments))
        error_logs = tuple(result for result in results if isinstance(result, logging.LogRecord))
        if error_logs:
@ -800,7 +780,6 @@ def collect_configuration_run_summary_logs(configs, config_paths, arguments):
        logger.info(f"Unmounting mount point {arguments['umount'].mount_point}")
        try:
            borg_umount.unmount_archive(
                config,
                mount_point=arguments['umount'].mount_point,
                local_path=get_local_path(configs),
            )
@ -813,9 +792,10 @@ def collect_configuration_run_summary_logs(configs, config_paths, arguments):
    if 'create' in arguments:
        try:
            for config_filename, config in configs.items():
                hooks = config.get('hooks', {})
                command.execute_hook(
-                    config.get('after_everything'),
+                    hooks.get('after_everything'),
-                    config.get('umask'),
+                    hooks.get('umask'),
                    config_filename,
                    'post-everything',
                    arguments['global'].dry_run,
@ -851,7 +831,7 @@ def main(extra_summary_logs=[]):  # pragma: no cover
    global_arguments = arguments['global']
    if global_arguments.version:
-        print(importlib.metadata.version('borgmatic'))
+        print(importlib_metadata.version('borgmatic'))
        sys.exit(0)
    if global_arguments.bash_completion:
        print(borgmatic.commands.completion.bash.bash_completion())
@ -861,7 +841,8 @@ def main(extra_summary_logs=[]):  # pragma: no cover
        sys.exit(0)
    config_filenames = tuple(collect.collect_config_filenames(global_arguments.config_paths))
-    configs, config_paths, parse_logs = load_configurations(
+    global_arguments.used_config_paths = list(config_filenames)
    configs, parse_logs = load_configurations(
        config_filenames, global_arguments.overrides, global_arguments.resolve_env
    )
    configuration_parse_errors = (
@ -871,8 +852,10 @@ def main(extra_summary_logs=[]):  # pragma: no cover
    any_json_flags = any(
        getattr(sub_arguments, 'json', False) for sub_arguments in arguments.values()
    )
-    color_enabled = should_do_markup(global_arguments.no_color or any_json_flags, configs)
+    colorama.init(
-    colorama.init(autoreset=color_enabled, strip=not color_enabled)
+        autoreset=True,
        strip=not should_do_markup(global_arguments.no_color or any_json_flags, configs),
    )
    try:
        configure_logging(
            verbosity_to_log_level(global_arguments.verbosity),
@ -881,7 +864,6 @@ def main(extra_summary_logs=[]):  # pragma: no cover
            verbosity_to_log_level(global_arguments.monitoring_verbosity),
            global_arguments.log_file,
            global_arguments.log_file_format,
            color_enabled=color_enabled,
        )
    except (FileNotFoundError, PermissionError) as error:
        configure_logging(logging.CRITICAL)
@ -897,7 +879,7 @@ def main(extra_summary_logs=[]):  # pragma: no cover
                    configs, arguments, configuration_parse_errors
                )
            )
-            or list(collect_configuration_run_summary_logs(configs, config_paths, arguments))
+            or list(collect_configuration_run_summary_logs(configs, arguments))
        )
    )
    summary_logs_max_level = max(log.levelno for log in summary_logs)
--- a/borgmatic/config/checks.py
+++ b/borgmatic/config/checks.py
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-def repository_enabled_for_checks(repository, config):
+def repository_enabled_for_checks(repository, consistency):
    '''
-    Given a repository name and a configuration dict, return whether the
+    Given a repository name and a consistency configuration dict, return whether the repository
-    repository is enabled to have consistency checks run.
+    is enabled to have consistency checks run.
    '''
-    if not config.get('check_repositories'):
+    if not consistency.get('check_repositories'):
        return True
-    return repository in config['check_repositories']
+    return repository in consistency['check_repositories']
--- a/borgmatic/config/constants.py
+++ b/borgmatic/config/constants.py
@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
 import shlex
 def coerce_scalar(value):
    '''
    Given a configuration value, coerce it to an integer or a boolean as appropriate and return the
    result.
    '''
    try:
        return int(value)
    except (TypeError, ValueError):
        pass
    if value == 'true' or value == 'True':
        return True
    if value == 'false' or value == 'False':
        return False
    return value
 def apply_constants(value, constants, shell_escape=False):
    '''
    Given a configuration value (bool, dict, int, list, or string) and a dict of named constants,
    replace any configuration string values of the form "{constant}" (or containing it) with the
    value of the correspondingly named key from the constants. Recurse as necessary into nested
    configuration to find values to replace.
    For instance, if a configuration value contains "{foo}", replace it with the value of the "foo"
    key found within the configuration's "constants".
    If shell escape is True, then escape the constant's value before applying it.
    Return the configuration value and modify the original.
    '''
    if not value or not constants:
        return value
    if isinstance(value, str):
        for constant_name, constant_value in constants.items():
            value = value.replace(
                '{' + constant_name + '}',
                shlex.quote(str(constant_value)) if shell_escape else str(constant_value),
            )
        # Support constants within non-string scalars by coercing the value to its appropriate type.
        value = coerce_scalar(value)
    elif isinstance(value, list):
        for index, list_value in enumerate(value):
            value[index] = apply_constants(list_value, constants, shell_escape)
    elif isinstance(value, dict):
        for option_name, option_value in value.items():
            value[option_name] = apply_constants(
                option_value,
                constants,
                shell_escape=(
                    shell_escape
                    or option_name.startswith('before_')
                    or option_name.startswith('after_')
                    or option_name == 'on_error'
                ),
            )
    return value
--- a/borgmatic/config/environment.py
+++ b/borgmatic/config/environment.py
@ -1,22 +1,21 @@
 import os
 import re
-VARIABLE_PATTERN = re.compile(
+_VARIABLE_PATTERN = re.compile(
    r'(?P<escape>\\)?(?P<variable>\$\{(?P<name>[A-Za-z0-9_]+)((:?-)(?P<default>[^}]+))?\})'
 )
-def resolve_string(matcher):
+def _resolve_string(matcher):
    '''
-    Given a matcher containing a name and an optional default value, get the value from environment.
+    Get the value from environment given a matcher containing a name and an optional default value.
-
+    If the variable is not defined in environment and no default value is provided, an Error is raised.
    Raise ValueError if the variable is not defined in environment and no default value is provided.
    '''
    if matcher.group('escape') is not None:
-        # In the case of an escaped environment variable, unescape it.
+        # in case of escaped envvar, unescape it
        return matcher.group('variable')
-    # Resolve the environment variable.
+    # resolve the env var
    name, default = matcher.group('name'), matcher.group('default')
    out = os.getenv(name, default=default)
@ -28,24 +27,19 @@ def resolve_string(matcher):
 def resolve_env_variables(item):
    '''
-    Resolves variables like or ${FOO} from given configuration with values from process environment.
+    Resolves variables like or ${FOO} from given configuration with values from process environment
    Supported formats:
     - ${FOO} will return FOO env variable
     - ${FOO-bar} or ${FOO:-bar} will return FOO env variable if it exists, else "bar"
-     * ${FOO} will return FOO env variable
+    If any variable is missing in environment and no default value is provided, an Error is raised.
     * ${FOO-bar} or ${FOO:-bar} will return FOO env variable if it exists, else "bar"
    Raise if any variable is missing in environment and no default value is provided.
    '''
    if isinstance(item, str):
-        return VARIABLE_PATTERN.sub(resolve_string, item)
+        return _VARIABLE_PATTERN.sub(_resolve_string, item)
    if isinstance(item, list):
-        for index, subitem in enumerate(item):
+        for i, subitem in enumerate(item):
-            item[index] = resolve_env_variables(subitem)
+            item[i] = resolve_env_variables(subitem)
    if isinstance(item, dict):
        for key, value in item.items():
            item[key] = resolve_env_variables(value)
    return item
--- a/borgmatic/config/generate.py
+++ b/borgmatic/config/generate.py
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import io
 import os
 import re
-import ruamel.yaml
+from ruamel import yaml
 from borgmatic.config import load, normalize
@ -11,33 +11,20 @@ INDENT = 4
 SEQUENCE_INDENT = 2
-def insert_newline_before_comment(config, field_name):
+def _insert_newline_before_comment(config, field_name):
    '''
    Using some ruamel.yaml black magic, insert a blank line in the config right before the given
    field and its comments.
    '''
    config.ca.items[field_name][1].insert(
-        0, ruamel.yaml.tokens.CommentToken('\n', ruamel.yaml.error.CommentMark(0), None)
+        0, yaml.tokens.CommentToken('\n', yaml.error.CommentMark(0), None)
    )
-def get_properties(schema):
+def _schema_to_sample_configuration(schema, level=0, parent_is_sequence=False):
    '''
    Given a schema dict, return its properties. But if it's got sub-schemas with multiple different
    potential properties, returned their merged properties instead.
    '''
    if 'oneOf' in schema:
        return dict(
            collections.ChainMap(*[sub_schema['properties'] for sub_schema in schema['oneOf']])
        )
    return schema['properties']
 def schema_to_sample_configuration(schema, level=0, parent_is_sequence=False):
    '''
    Given a loaded configuration schema, generate and return sample config for it. Include comments
-    for each option based on the schema "description".
+    for each section based on the schema "description".
    '''
    schema_type = schema.get('type')
    example = schema.get('example')
@ -45,15 +32,15 @@ def schema_to_sample_configuration(schema, level=0, parent_is_sequence=False):
        return example
    if schema_type == 'array':
-        config = ruamel.yaml.comments.CommentedSeq(
+        config = yaml.comments.CommentedSeq(
-            [schema_to_sample_configuration(schema['items'], level, parent_is_sequence=True)]
+            [_schema_to_sample_configuration(schema['items'], level, parent_is_sequence=True)]
        )
        add_comments_to_configuration_sequence(config, schema, indent=(level * INDENT))
    elif schema_type == 'object':
-        config = ruamel.yaml.comments.CommentedMap(
+        config = yaml.comments.CommentedMap(
            [
-                (field_name, schema_to_sample_configuration(sub_schema, level + 1))
+                (field_name, _schema_to_sample_configuration(sub_schema, level + 1))
-                for field_name, sub_schema in get_properties(schema).items()
+                for field_name, sub_schema in schema['properties'].items()
            ]
        )
        indent = (level * INDENT) + (SEQUENCE_INDENT if parent_is_sequence else 0)
@ -66,13 +53,13 @@ def schema_to_sample_configuration(schema, level=0, parent_is_sequence=False):
    return config
-def comment_out_line(line):
+def _comment_out_line(line):
    # If it's already is commented out (or empty), there's nothing further to do!
    stripped_line = line.lstrip()
    if not stripped_line or stripped_line.startswith('#'):
        return line
-    # Comment out the names of optional options, inserting the '#' after any indent for aesthetics.
+    # Comment out the names of optional sections, inserting the '#' after any indent for aesthetics.
    matches = re.match(r'(\s*)', line)
    indent_spaces = matches.group(0) if matches else ''
    count_indent_spaces = len(indent_spaces)
@ -80,7 +67,7 @@ def comment_out_line(line):
    return '# '.join((indent_spaces, line[count_indent_spaces:]))
-def comment_out_optional_configuration(rendered_config):
+def _comment_out_optional_configuration(rendered_config):
    '''
    Post-process a rendered configuration string to comment out optional key/values, as determined
    by a sentinel in the comment before each key.
@ -105,7 +92,7 @@ def comment_out_optional_configuration(rendered_config):
        if not line.strip():
            optional = False
-        lines.append(comment_out_line(line) if optional else line)
+        lines.append(_comment_out_line(line) if optional else line)
    return '\n'.join(lines)
@ -114,7 +101,7 @@ def render_configuration(config):
    '''
    Given a config data structure of nested OrderedDicts, render the config as YAML and return it.
    '''
-    dumper = ruamel.yaml.YAML(typ='rt')
+    dumper = yaml.YAML()
    dumper.indent(mapping=INDENT, sequence=INDENT + SEQUENCE_INDENT, offset=INDENT)
    rendered = io.StringIO()
    dumper.dump(config, rendered)
@ -164,7 +151,7 @@ def add_comments_to_configuration_sequence(config, schema, indent=0):
        return
    for field_name in config[0].keys():
-        field_schema = get_properties(schema['items']).get(field_name, {})
+        field_schema = schema['items']['properties'].get(field_name, {})
        description = field_schema.get('description')
        # No description to use? Skip it.
@ -178,6 +165,7 @@ def add_comments_to_configuration_sequence(config, schema, indent=0):
        return
 REQUIRED_SECTION_NAMES = {'location', 'retention'}
 REQUIRED_KEYS = {'source_directories', 'repositories', 'keep_daily'}
 COMMENTED_OUT_SENTINEL = 'COMMENT_OUT'
@ -191,13 +179,13 @@ def add_comments_to_configuration_object(config, schema, indent=0, skip_first=Fa
        if skip_first and index == 0:
            continue
-        field_schema = get_properties(schema).get(field_name, {})
+        field_schema = schema['properties'].get(field_name, {})
        description = field_schema.get('description', '').strip()
        # If this is an optional key, add an indicator to the comment flagging it to be commented
        # out from the sample configuration. This sentinel is consumed by downstream processing that
        # does the actual commenting out.
-        if field_name not in REQUIRED_KEYS:
+        if field_name not in REQUIRED_SECTION_NAMES and field_name not in REQUIRED_KEYS:
            description = (
                '\n'.join((description, COMMENTED_OUT_SENTINEL))
                if description
@ -211,7 +199,7 @@ def add_comments_to_configuration_object(config, schema, indent=0, skip_first=Fa
        config.yaml_set_comment_before_after_key(key=field_name, before=description, indent=indent)
        if index > 0:
-            insert_newline_before_comment(config, field_name)
+            _insert_newline_before_comment(config, field_name)
 RUAMEL_YAML_COMMENTS_INDEX = 1
@ -238,7 +226,8 @@ def merge_source_configuration_into_destination(destination_config, source_confi
    favoring values from the source when there are collisions.
    The purpose of this is to upgrade configuration files from old versions of borgmatic by adding
-    new configuration keys and comments.
+    new
    configuration keys and comments.
    '''
    if not source_config:
        return destination_config
@ -248,9 +237,7 @@ def merge_source_configuration_into_destination(destination_config, source_confi
    for field_name, source_value in source_config.items():
        # Since this key/value is from the source configuration, leave it uncommented and remove any
        # sentinel that would cause it to get commented out.
-        remove_commented_out_sentinel(
+        remove_commented_out_sentinel(destination_config, field_name)
            ruamel.yaml.comments.CommentedMap(destination_config), field_name
        )
        # This is a mapping. Recurse for this key/value.
        if isinstance(source_value, collections.abc.Mapping):
@ -262,7 +249,7 @@ def merge_source_configuration_into_destination(destination_config, source_confi
        # This is a sequence. Recurse for each item in it.
        if isinstance(source_value, collections.abc.Sequence) and not isinstance(source_value, str):
            destination_value = destination_config[field_name]
-            destination_config[field_name] = ruamel.yaml.comments.CommentedSeq(
+            destination_config[field_name] = yaml.comments.CommentedSeq(
                [
                    merge_source_configuration_into_destination(
                        destination_value[index] if index < len(destination_value) else None,
@ -289,7 +276,7 @@ def generate_sample_configuration(
    schema. If a source filename is provided, merge the parsed contents of that configuration into
    the generated configuration.
    '''
-    schema = ruamel.yaml.YAML(typ='safe').load(open(schema_filename))
+    schema = yaml.round_trip_load(open(schema_filename))
    source_config = None
    if source_filename:
@ -297,7 +284,7 @@ def generate_sample_configuration(
        normalize.normalize(source_filename, source_config)
    destination_config = merge_source_configuration_into_destination(
-        schema_to_sample_configuration(schema), source_config
+        _schema_to_sample_configuration(schema), source_config
    )
    if dry_run:
@ -305,6 +292,6 @@ def generate_sample_configuration(
    write_configuration(
        destination_filename,
-        comment_out_optional_configuration(render_configuration(destination_config)),
+        _comment_out_optional_configuration(render_configuration(destination_config)),
        overwrite=overwrite,
    )
--- a/borgmatic/config/load.py
+++ b/borgmatic/config/load.py
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import functools
-import itertools
+import json
 import logging
 import operator
 import os
 import ruamel.yaml
@ -9,68 +8,34 @@ import ruamel.yaml
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-def probe_and_include_file(filename, include_directories, config_paths):
+def include_configuration(loader, filename_node, include_directory):
    '''
-    Given a filename to include, a list of include directories to search for matching files, and a
+    Given a ruamel.yaml.loader.Loader, a ruamel.yaml.serializer.ScalarNode containing the included
-    set of configuration paths, probe for the file, load it, and return the loaded configuration as
+    filename, and an include directory path to search for matching files, load the given YAML
-    a data structure of nested dicts, lists, etc. Add the filename to the given configuration paths.
+    filename (ignoring the given loader so we can use our own) and return its contents as a data
-
+    structure of nested dicts and lists. If the filename is relative, probe for it within 1. the
-    Raise FileNotFoundError if the included file was not found.
+    current working directory and 2. the given include directory.
    '''
    expanded_filename = os.path.expanduser(filename)
    if os.path.isabs(expanded_filename):
        return load_configuration(expanded_filename, config_paths)
    candidate_filenames = {
        os.path.join(directory, expanded_filename) for directory in include_directories
    }
    for candidate_filename in candidate_filenames:
        if os.path.exists(candidate_filename):
            return load_configuration(candidate_filename, config_paths)
    raise FileNotFoundError(
        f'Could not find include {filename} at {" or ".join(candidate_filenames)}'
    )
 def include_configuration(loader, filename_node, include_directory, config_paths):
    '''
    Given a ruamel.yaml.loader.Loader, a ruamel.yaml.nodes.ScalarNode containing the included
    filename (or a list containing multiple such filenames), an include directory path to search for
    matching files, and a set of configuration paths, load the given YAML filenames (ignoring the
    given loader so we can use our own) and return their contents as data structure of nested dicts,
    lists, etc. Add the names of included files to the given configuration paths. If the given
    filename node's value is a scalar string, then the return value will be a single value. But if
    the given node value is a list, then the return value will be a list of values, one per loaded
    configuration file.
    If a filename is relative, probe for it within: 1. the current working directory and 2. the
    given include directory.
    Raise FileNotFoundError if an included file was not found.
    '''
    include_directories = [os.getcwd(), os.path.abspath(include_directory)]
    include_filename = os.path.expanduser(filename_node.value)
-    if isinstance(filename_node.value, str):
+    if not os.path.isabs(include_filename):
-        return probe_and_include_file(filename_node.value, include_directories, config_paths)
+        candidate_filenames = [
-
+            os.path.join(directory, include_filename) for directory in include_directories
    if (
        isinstance(filename_node.value, list)
        and len(filename_node.value)
        and isinstance(filename_node.value[0], ruamel.yaml.nodes.ScalarNode)
    ):
        # Reversing the values ensures the correct ordering if these includes are subsequently
        # merged together.
        return [
            probe_and_include_file(node.value, include_directories, config_paths)
            for node in reversed(filename_node.value)
        ]
-    raise ValueError(
+        for candidate_filename in candidate_filenames:
-        '!include value is not supported; use a single filename or a list of filenames'
+            if os.path.exists(candidate_filename):
-    )
+                include_filename = candidate_filename
                break
        else:
            raise FileNotFoundError(
                f'Could not find include {filename_node.value} at {" or ".join(candidate_filenames)}'
            )
    return load_configuration(include_filename)
 def raise_retain_node_error(loader, node):
@ -88,7 +53,7 @@ def raise_retain_node_error(loader, node):
            'The !retain tag may only be used within a configuration file containing a merged !include tag.'
        )
-    raise ValueError('The !retain tag may only be used on a mapping or list.')
+    raise ValueError('The !retain tag may only be used on a YAML mapping or sequence.')
 def raise_omit_node_error(loader, node):
@ -100,31 +65,22 @@ def raise_omit_node_error(loader, node):
    tags are handled by deep_merge_nodes() below.
    '''
    raise ValueError(
-        'The !omit tag may only be used on a scalar (e.g., string) or list element within a configuration file containing a merged !include tag.'
+        'The !omit tag may only be used on a scalar (e.g., string) list element within a configuration file containing a merged !include tag.'
    )
 class Include_constructor(ruamel.yaml.SafeConstructor):
    '''
    A YAML "constructor" (a ruamel.yaml concept) that supports a custom "!include" tag for including
-    separate YAML configuration files. Example syntax: `option: !include common.yaml`
+    separate YAML configuration files. Example syntax: `retention: !include common.yaml`
    '''
-    def __init__(
+    def __init__(self, preserve_quotes=None, loader=None, include_directory=None):
        self, preserve_quotes=None, loader=None, include_directory=None, config_paths=None
    ):
        super(Include_constructor, self).__init__(preserve_quotes, loader)
        self.add_constructor(
            '!include',
-            functools.partial(
+            functools.partial(include_configuration, include_directory=include_directory),
                include_configuration,
                include_directory=include_directory,
                config_paths=config_paths,
            ),
        )
        # These are catch-all error handlers for tags that don't get applied and removed by
        # deep_merge_nodes() below.
        self.add_constructor('!retain', raise_retain_node_error)
        self.add_constructor('!omit', raise_omit_node_error)
@ -134,152 +90,112 @@ class Include_constructor(ruamel.yaml.SafeConstructor):
        using the YAML '<<' merge key. Example syntax:
        ```
-        option:
+        retention:
-            sub_option: 1
+            keep_daily: 1
        <<: !include common.yaml
        ```
        These includes are deep merged into the current configuration file. For instance, in this
-        example, any "option" with sub-options in common.yaml will get merged into the corresponding
+        example, any "retention" options in common.yaml will get merged into the "retention" section
-        "option" with sub-options in the example configuration file.
+        in the example configuration file.
        '''
        representer = ruamel.yaml.representer.SafeRepresenter()
        for index, (key_node, value_node) in enumerate(node.value):
            if key_node.tag == u'tag:yaml.org,2002:merge' and value_node.tag == '!include':
-                # Replace the merge include with a sequence of included configuration nodes ready
+                included_value = representer.represent_data(self.construct_object(value_node))
-                # for merging. The construct_object() call here triggers include_configuration()
+                node.value[index] = (key_node, included_value)
                # among other constructors.
                node.value[index] = (
                    key_node,
                    representer.represent_data(self.construct_object(value_node)),
                )
        # This super().flatten_mapping() call actually performs "<<" merges.
        super(Include_constructor, self).flatten_mapping(node)
        node.value = deep_merge_nodes(node.value)
-def load_configuration(filename, config_paths=None):
+def load_configuration(filename):
    '''
    Load the given configuration file and return its contents as a data structure of nested dicts
-    and lists. Add the filename to the given configuration paths set, and also add any included
+    and lists. Also, replace any "{constant}" strings with the value of the "constant" key in the
-    configuration filenames.
+    "constants" section of the configuration file.
    Raise ruamel.yaml.error.YAMLError if something goes wrong parsing the YAML, or RecursionError
    if there are too many recursive includes.
    '''
    if config_paths is None:
        config_paths = set()
-    # Use an embedded derived class for the include constructor so as to capture the include
+    # Use an embedded derived class for the include constructor so as to capture the filename
-    # directory and configuration paths values. (functools.partial doesn't work for this use case
+    # value. (functools.partial doesn't work for this use case because yaml.Constructor has to be
-    # because yaml.Constructor has to be an actual class.)
+    # an actual class.)
-    class Include_constructor_with_extras(Include_constructor):
+    class Include_constructor_with_include_directory(Include_constructor):
        def __init__(self, preserve_quotes=None, loader=None):
-            super(Include_constructor_with_extras, self).__init__(
+            super(Include_constructor_with_include_directory, self).__init__(
-                preserve_quotes,
+                preserve_quotes, loader, include_directory=os.path.dirname(filename)
                loader,
                include_directory=os.path.dirname(filename),
                config_paths=config_paths,
            )
    yaml = ruamel.yaml.YAML(typ='safe')
-    yaml.Constructor = Include_constructor_with_extras
+    yaml.Constructor = Include_constructor_with_include_directory
    config_paths.add(filename)
    with open(filename) as file:
-        return yaml.load(file.read())
+        file_contents = file.read()
        config = yaml.load(file_contents)
        if config and 'constants' in config:
            for key, value in config['constants'].items():
                value = json.dumps(value)
                file_contents = file_contents.replace(f'{{{key}}}', value.strip('"'))
            config = yaml.load(file_contents)
            del config['constants']
        return config
-def filter_omitted_nodes(nodes, values):
+def filter_omitted_nodes(nodes):
    '''
-    Given a nested borgmatic configuration data structure as a list of tuples in the form of:
+    Given a list of nodes, return a filtered list omitting any nodes with an "!omit" tag or with a
-
+    value matching such nodes.
    [
        (
            ruamel.yaml.nodes.ScalarNode as a key,
            ruamel.yaml.nodes.MappingNode or other Node as a value,
        ),
        ...
    ]
    ... and a combined list of all values for those nodes, return a filtered list of the values,
    omitting any that have an "!omit" tag (or with a value matching such nodes).
    But if only a single node is given, bail and return the given values unfiltered, as "!omit" only
    applies when there are merge includes (and therefore multiple nodes).
    '''
-    if len(nodes) <= 1:
+    omitted_values = tuple(node.value for node in nodes if node.tag == '!omit')
        return values
-    omitted_values = tuple(node.value for node in values if node.tag == '!omit')
+    return [node for node in nodes if node.value not in omitted_values]
    return [node for node in values if node.value not in omitted_values]
-def merge_values(nodes):
+DELETED_NODE = object()
    '''
    Given a nested borgmatic configuration data structure as a list of tuples in the form of:
    [
        (
            ruamel.yaml.nodes.ScalarNode as a key,
            ruamel.yaml.nodes.MappingNode or other Node as a value,
        ),
        ...
    ]
    ... merge its sequence or mapping node values and return the result. For sequence nodes, this
    means appending together its contained lists. For mapping nodes, it means merging its contained
    dicts.
    '''
    return functools.reduce(operator.add, (value.value for key, value in nodes))
 def deep_merge_nodes(nodes):
    '''
    Given a nested borgmatic configuration data structure as a list of tuples in the form of:
    [
        (
            ruamel.yaml.nodes.ScalarNode as a key,
            ruamel.yaml.nodes.MappingNode or other Node as a value,
        ),
        ...
    ]
-    ... deep merge any node values corresponding to duplicate keys and return the result. The
+    ... deep merge any node values corresponding to duplicate keys and return the result. If
-    purpose of merging like this is to support, for instance, merging one borgmatic configuration
+    there are colliding keys with non-MappingNode values (e.g., integers or strings), the last
-    file into another for reuse, such that a configuration option with sub-options does not
+    of the values wins.
    completely replace the corresponding option in a merged file.
    If there are colliding keys with scalar values (e.g., integers or strings), the last of the
    values wins.
    For instance, given node values of:
        [
            (
-                ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='option'),
+                ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='retention'),
                MappingNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:map', value=[
                    (
-                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='sub_option1'),
+                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='keep_hourly'),
-                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:int', value='1')
+                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:int', value='24')
                    ),
                    (
-                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='sub_option2'),
+                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='keep_daily'),
-                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:int', value='2')
+                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:int', value='7')
                    ),
                ]),
            ),
            (
-                ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='option'),
+                ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='retention'),
                MappingNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:map', value=[
                    (
-                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='sub_option2'),
+                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='keep_daily'),
                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:int', value='5')
                    ),
                ]),
@ -290,95 +206,88 @@ def deep_merge_nodes(nodes):
        [
            (
-                ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='option'),
+                ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='retention'),
                MappingNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:map', value=[
                    (
-                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='sub_option1'),
+                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='keep_hourly'),
-                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:int', value='1')
+                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:int', value='24')
                    ),
                    (
-                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='sub_option2'),
+                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:str', value='keep_daily'),
                        ScalarNode(tag='tag:yaml.org,2002:int', value='5')
                    ),
                ]),
            ),
        ]
    This function supports multi-way merging, meaning that if the same option name exists three or
    more times (at the same scope level), all of those instances get merged together.
    If a mapping or sequence node has a YAML "!retain" tag, then that node is not merged.
-    Raise ValueError if a merge is implied using multiple incompatible types.
+    The purpose of deep merging like this is to support, for instance, merging one borgmatic
    configuration file into another for reuse, such that a configuration section ("retention",
    etc.) does not completely replace the corresponding section in a merged file.
    Raise ValueError if a merge is implied using two incompatible types.
    '''
-    merged_nodes = []
+    # Map from original node key/value to the replacement merged node. DELETED_NODE as a replacement
    # node indications deletion.
    replaced_nodes = {}
-    def get_node_key_name(node):
+    # To find nodes that require merging, compare each node with each other node.
-        return node[0].value
+    for a_key, a_value in nodes:
        for b_key, b_value in nodes:
            # If we've already considered one of the nodes for merging, skip it.
            if (a_key, a_value) in replaced_nodes or (b_key, b_value) in replaced_nodes:
                continue
-    # Bucket the nodes by their keys. Then merge all of the values sharing the same key.
+            # If the keys match and the values are different, we need to merge these two A and B nodes.
-    for key_name, grouped_nodes in itertools.groupby(
+            if a_key.tag == b_key.tag and a_key.value == b_key.value and a_value != b_value:
-        sorted(nodes, key=get_node_key_name), get_node_key_name
+                if not type(a_value) is type(b_value):
-    ):
+                    raise ValueError(
-        grouped_nodes = list(grouped_nodes)
+                        f'Incompatible types found when trying to merge "{a_key.value}:" values across configuration files: {type(a_value).id} and {type(b_value).id}'
        # The merged node inherits its attributes from the final node in the group.
        (last_node_key, last_node_value) = grouped_nodes[-1]
        value_types = set(type(value) for (_, value) in grouped_nodes)
        if len(value_types) > 1:
            raise ValueError(
                f'Incompatible types found when trying to merge "{key_name}:" values across configuration files: {", ".join(value_type.id for value_type in value_types)}'
            )
        # If we're dealing with MappingNodes, recurse and merge its values as well.
        if ruamel.yaml.nodes.MappingNode in value_types:
            # A "!retain" tag says to skip deep merging for this node. Replace the tag so
            # downstream schema validation doesn't break on our application-specific tag.
            if last_node_value.tag == '!retain' and len(grouped_nodes) > 1:
                last_node_value.tag = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:map'
                merged_nodes.append((last_node_key, last_node_value))
            else:
                merged_nodes.append(
                    (
                        last_node_key,
                        ruamel.yaml.nodes.MappingNode(
                            tag=last_node_value.tag,
                            value=deep_merge_nodes(merge_values(grouped_nodes)),
                            start_mark=last_node_value.start_mark,
                            end_mark=last_node_value.end_mark,
                            flow_style=last_node_value.flow_style,
                            comment=last_node_value.comment,
                            anchor=last_node_value.anchor,
                        ),
                    )
                )
-            continue
+                # Since we're merging into the B node, consider the A node a duplicate and remove it.
                replaced_nodes[(a_key, a_value)] = DELETED_NODE
-        # If we're dealing with SequenceNodes, merge by appending sequences together.
+                # If we're dealing with MappingNodes, recurse and merge its values as well.
-        if ruamel.yaml.nodes.SequenceNode in value_types:
+                if isinstance(b_value, ruamel.yaml.nodes.MappingNode):
-            if last_node_value.tag == '!retain' and len(grouped_nodes) > 1:
+                    # A "!retain" tag says to skip deep merging for this node. Replace the tag so
-                last_node_value.tag = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:seq'
+                    # downstream schema validation doesn't break on our application-specific tag.
-                merged_nodes.append((last_node_key, last_node_value))
+                    if b_value.tag == '!retain':
-            else:
+                        b_value.tag = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:map'
-                merged_nodes.append(
+                    else:
-                    (
+                        replaced_nodes[(b_key, b_value)] = (
-                        last_node_key,
+                            b_key,
-                        ruamel.yaml.nodes.SequenceNode(
+                            ruamel.yaml.nodes.MappingNode(
-                            tag=last_node_value.tag,
+                                tag=b_value.tag,
-                            value=filter_omitted_nodes(grouped_nodes, merge_values(grouped_nodes)),
+                                value=deep_merge_nodes(a_value.value + b_value.value),
-                            start_mark=last_node_value.start_mark,
+                                start_mark=b_value.start_mark,
-                            end_mark=last_node_value.end_mark,
+                                end_mark=b_value.end_mark,
-                            flow_style=last_node_value.flow_style,
+                                flow_style=b_value.flow_style,
-                            comment=last_node_value.comment,
+                                comment=b_value.comment,
-                            anchor=last_node_value.anchor,
+                                anchor=b_value.anchor,
-                        ),
+                            ),
-                    )
+                        )
-                )
+                # If we're dealing with SequenceNodes, merge by appending one sequence to the other.
                elif isinstance(b_value, ruamel.yaml.nodes.SequenceNode):
                    # A "!retain" tag says to skip deep merging for this node. Replace the tag so
                    # downstream schema validation doesn't break on our application-specific tag.
                    if b_value.tag == '!retain':
                        b_value.tag = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:seq'
                    else:
                        replaced_nodes[(b_key, b_value)] = (
                            b_key,
                            ruamel.yaml.nodes.SequenceNode(
                                tag=b_value.tag,
                                value=filter_omitted_nodes(a_value.value + b_value.value),
                                start_mark=b_value.start_mark,
                                end_mark=b_value.end_mark,
                                flow_style=b_value.flow_style,
                                comment=b_value.comment,
                                anchor=b_value.anchor,
                            ),
                        )
-            continue
+    return [
-
+        replaced_nodes.get(node, node) for node in nodes if replaced_nodes.get(node) != DELETED_NODE
-        merged_nodes.append((last_node_key, last_node_value))
+    ]
    return merged_nodes
--- a/borgmatic/config/normalize.py
+++ b/borgmatic/config/normalize.py
@ -2,74 +2,21 @@ import logging
 import os
 def normalize_sections(config_filename, config):
    '''
    Given a configuration filename and a configuration dict of its loaded contents, airlift any
    options out of sections ("location:", etc.) to the global scope and delete those sections.
    Return any log message warnings produced based on the normalization performed.
    Raise ValueError if the "prefix" option is set in both "location" and "consistency" sections.
    '''
    try:
        location = config.get('location') or {}
    except AttributeError:
        raise ValueError('Configuration does not contain any options')
    storage = config.get('storage') or {}
    consistency = config.get('consistency') or {}
    hooks = config.get('hooks') or {}
    if (
        location.get('prefix')
        and consistency.get('prefix')
        and location.get('prefix') != consistency.get('prefix')
    ):
        raise ValueError(
            'The retention prefix and the consistency prefix cannot have different values (unless one is not set).'
        )
    if storage.get('umask') and hooks.get('umask') and storage.get('umask') != hooks.get('umask'):
        raise ValueError(
            'The storage umask and the hooks umask cannot have different values (unless one is not set).'
        )
    any_section_upgraded = False
    # Move any options from deprecated sections into the global scope.
    for section_name in ('location', 'storage', 'retention', 'consistency', 'output', 'hooks'):
        section_config = config.get(section_name)
        if section_config is not None:
            any_section_upgraded = True
            del config[section_name]
            config.update(section_config)
    if any_section_upgraded:
        return [
            logging.makeLogRecord(
                dict(
                    levelno=logging.WARNING,
                    levelname='WARNING',
                    msg=f'{config_filename}: Configuration sections (like location:, storage:, retention:, consistency:, and hooks:) are deprecated and support will be removed from a future release. To prepare for this, move your options out of sections to the global scope.',
                )
            )
        ]
    return []
 def normalize(config_filename, config):
    '''
    Given a configuration filename and a configuration dict of its loaded contents, apply particular
    hard-coded rules to normalize the configuration to adhere to the current schema. Return any log
    message warnings produced based on the normalization performed.
    Raise ValueError the configuration cannot be normalized.
    '''
-    logs = normalize_sections(config_filename, config)
+    logs = []
    location = config.get('location') or {}
    storage = config.get('storage') or {}
    consistency = config.get('consistency') or {}
    retention = config.get('retention') or {}
    hooks = config.get('hooks') or {}
    # Upgrade exclude_if_present from a string to a list.
-    exclude_if_present = config.get('exclude_if_present')
+    exclude_if_present = location.get('exclude_if_present')
    if isinstance(exclude_if_present, str):
        logs.append(
            logging.makeLogRecord(
@ -80,23 +27,23 @@ def normalize(config_filename, config):
                )
            )
        )
-        config['exclude_if_present'] = [exclude_if_present]
+        config['location']['exclude_if_present'] = [exclude_if_present]
    # Upgrade various monitoring hooks from a string to a dict.
-    healthchecks = config.get('healthchecks')
+    healthchecks = hooks.get('healthchecks')
    if isinstance(healthchecks, str):
        logs.append(
            logging.makeLogRecord(
                dict(
                    levelno=logging.WARNING,
                    levelname='WARNING',
-                    msg=f'{config_filename}: The healthchecks hook now expects a key/value pair with "ping_url" as a key. String values for this option are deprecated and support will be removed from a future release.',
+                    msg=f'{config_filename}: The healthchecks hook now expects a mapping value. String values for this option are deprecated and support will be removed from a future release.',
                )
            )
        )
-        config['healthchecks'] = {'ping_url': healthchecks}
+        config['hooks']['healthchecks'] = {'ping_url': healthchecks}
-    cronitor = config.get('cronitor')
+    cronitor = hooks.get('cronitor')
    if isinstance(cronitor, str):
        logs.append(
            logging.makeLogRecord(
@ -107,9 +54,9 @@ def normalize(config_filename, config):
                )
            )
        )
-        config['cronitor'] = {'ping_url': cronitor}
+        config['hooks']['cronitor'] = {'ping_url': cronitor}
-    pagerduty = config.get('pagerduty')
+    pagerduty = hooks.get('pagerduty')
    if isinstance(pagerduty, str):
        logs.append(
            logging.makeLogRecord(
@ -120,9 +67,9 @@ def normalize(config_filename, config):
                )
            )
        )
-        config['pagerduty'] = {'integration_key': pagerduty}
+        config['hooks']['pagerduty'] = {'integration_key': pagerduty}
-    cronhub = config.get('cronhub')
+    cronhub = hooks.get('cronhub')
    if isinstance(cronhub, str):
        logs.append(
            logging.makeLogRecord(
@ -133,10 +80,10 @@ def normalize(config_filename, config):
                )
            )
        )
-        config['cronhub'] = {'ping_url': cronhub}
+        config['hooks']['cronhub'] = {'ping_url': cronhub}
    # Upgrade consistency checks from a list of strings to a list of dicts.
-    checks = config.get('checks')
+    checks = consistency.get('checks')
    if isinstance(checks, list) and len(checks) and isinstance(checks[0], str):
        logs.append(
            logging.makeLogRecord(
@ -147,10 +94,10 @@ def normalize(config_filename, config):
                )
            )
        )
-        config['checks'] = [{'name': check_type} for check_type in checks]
+        config['consistency']['checks'] = [{'name': check_type} for check_type in checks]
    # Rename various configuration options.
-    numeric_owner = config.pop('numeric_owner', None)
+    numeric_owner = location.pop('numeric_owner', None)
    if numeric_owner is not None:
        logs.append(
            logging.makeLogRecord(
@ -161,9 +108,9 @@ def normalize(config_filename, config):
                )
            )
        )
-        config['numeric_ids'] = numeric_owner
+        config['location']['numeric_ids'] = numeric_owner
-    bsd_flags = config.pop('bsd_flags', None)
+    bsd_flags = location.pop('bsd_flags', None)
    if bsd_flags is not None:
        logs.append(
            logging.makeLogRecord(
@ -174,9 +121,9 @@ def normalize(config_filename, config):
                )
            )
        )
-        config['flags'] = bsd_flags
+        config['location']['flags'] = bsd_flags
-    remote_rate_limit = config.pop('remote_rate_limit', None)
+    remote_rate_limit = storage.pop('remote_rate_limit', None)
    if remote_rate_limit is not None:
        logs.append(
            logging.makeLogRecord(
@ -187,12 +134,12 @@ def normalize(config_filename, config):
                )
            )
        )
-        config['upload_rate_limit'] = remote_rate_limit
+        config['storage']['upload_rate_limit'] = remote_rate_limit
    # Upgrade remote repositories to ssh:// syntax, required in Borg 2.
-    repositories = config.get('repositories')
+    repositories = location.get('repositories')
    if repositories:
-        if any(isinstance(repository, str) for repository in repositories):
+        if isinstance(repositories[0], str):
            logs.append(
                logging.makeLogRecord(
                    dict(
@ -202,14 +149,11 @@ def normalize(config_filename, config):
                    )
                )
            )
-            config['repositories'] = [
+            config['location']['repositories'] = [
-                {'path': repository} if isinstance(repository, str) else repository
+                {'path': repository} for repository in repositories
                for repository in repositories
            ]
-            repositories = config['repositories']
+            repositories = config['location']['repositories']
-
+        config['location']['repositories'] = []
        config['repositories'] = []
        for repository_dict in repositories:
            repository_path = repository_dict['path']
            if '~' in repository_path:
@ -227,14 +171,14 @@ def normalize(config_filename, config):
                    updated_repository_path = os.path.abspath(
                        repository_path.partition('file://')[-1]
                    )
-                    config['repositories'].append(
+                    config['location']['repositories'].append(
                        dict(
                            repository_dict,
                            path=updated_repository_path,
                        )
                    )
                elif repository_path.startswith('ssh://'):
-                    config['repositories'].append(repository_dict)
+                    config['location']['repositories'].append(repository_dict)
                else:
                    rewritten_repository_path = f"ssh://{repository_path.replace(':~', '/~').replace(':/', '/').replace(':', '/./')}"
                    logs.append(
@ -246,16 +190,16 @@ def normalize(config_filename, config):
                            )
                        )
                    )
-                    config['repositories'].append(
+                    config['location']['repositories'].append(
                        dict(
                            repository_dict,
                            path=rewritten_repository_path,
                        )
                    )
            else:
-                config['repositories'].append(repository_dict)
+                config['location']['repositories'].append(repository_dict)
-    if config.get('prefix'):
+    if consistency.get('prefix') or retention.get('prefix'):
        logs.append(
            logging.makeLogRecord(
                dict(
--- a/borgmatic/config/override.py
+++ b/borgmatic/config/override.py
@ -13,11 +13,6 @@ def set_values(config, keys, value):
    first_key = keys[0]
    if len(keys) == 1:
        if isinstance(config, list):
            raise ValueError(
                'When overriding a list option, the value must use list syntax (e.g., "[foo, bar]" or "[{key: value}]" as appropriate)'
            )
        config[first_key] = value
        return
@ -27,70 +22,29 @@ def set_values(config, keys, value):
    set_values(config[first_key], keys[1:], value)
-def convert_value_type(value, option_type):
+def convert_value_type(value):
    '''
-    Given a string value and its schema type as a string, determine its logical type (string,
+    Given a string value, determine its logical type (string, boolean, integer, etc.), and return it
-    boolean, integer, etc.), and return it converted to that type.
+    converted to that type.
    If the option type is a string, leave the value as a string so that special characters in it
    don't get interpreted as YAML during conversion.
    Raise ruamel.yaml.error.YAMLError if there's a parse issue with the YAML.
    '''
    if option_type == 'string':
        return value
    return ruamel.yaml.YAML(typ='safe').load(io.StringIO(value))
-LEGACY_SECTION_NAMES = {'location', 'storage', 'retention', 'consistency', 'output', 'hooks'}
+def parse_overrides(raw_overrides):
 def strip_section_names(parsed_override_key):
    '''
-    Given a parsed override key as a tuple of option and suboption names, strip out any initial
+    Given a sequence of configuration file override strings in the form of "section.option=value",
-    legacy section names, since configuration file normalization also strips them out.
+    parse and return a sequence of tuples (keys, values), where keys is a sequence of strings. For
-    '''
+    instance, given the following raw overrides:
    if parsed_override_key[0] in LEGACY_SECTION_NAMES:
        return parsed_override_key[1:]
-    return parsed_override_key
+        ['section.my_option=value1', 'section.other_option=value2']
 def type_for_option(schema, option_keys):
    '''
    Given a configuration schema and a sequence of keys identifying an option, e.g.
    ('extra_borg_options', 'init'), return the schema type of that option as a string.
    Return None if the option or its type cannot be found in the schema.
    '''
    option_schema = schema
    for key in option_keys:
        try:
            option_schema = option_schema['properties'][key]
        except KeyError:
            return None
    try:
        return option_schema['type']
    except KeyError:
        return None
 def parse_overrides(raw_overrides, schema):
    '''
    Given a sequence of configuration file override strings in the form of "option.suboption=value"
    and a configuration schema dict, parse and return a sequence of tuples (keys, values), where
    keys is a sequence of strings. For instance, given the following raw overrides:
        ['my_option.suboption=value1', 'other_option=value2']
    ... return this:
        (
-            (('my_option', 'suboption'), 'value1'),
+            (('section', 'my_option'), 'value1'),
-            (('other_option'), 'value2'),
+            (('section', 'other_option'), 'value2'),
        )
    Raise ValueError if an override can't be parsed.
@ -103,18 +57,15 @@ def parse_overrides(raw_overrides, schema):
    for raw_override in raw_overrides:
        try:
            raw_keys, value = raw_override.split('=', 1)
            keys = tuple(raw_keys.split('.'))
            option_type = type_for_option(schema, keys)
            parsed_overrides.append(
                (
-                    keys,
+                    tuple(raw_keys.split('.')),
-                    convert_value_type(value, option_type),
+                    convert_value_type(value),
                )
            )
        except ValueError:
            raise ValueError(
-                f"Invalid override '{raw_override}'. Make sure you use the form: OPTION=VALUE or OPTION.SUBOPTION=VALUE"
+                f"Invalid override '{raw_override}'. Make sure you use the form: SECTION.OPTION=VALUE"
            )
        except ruamel.yaml.error.YAMLError as error:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid override '{raw_override}': {error.problem}")
@ -122,18 +73,12 @@ def parse_overrides(raw_overrides, schema):
    return tuple(parsed_overrides)
-def apply_overrides(config, schema, raw_overrides):
+def apply_overrides(config, raw_overrides):
    '''
-    Given a configuration dict, a corresponding configuration schema dict, and a sequence of
+    Given a configuration dict and a sequence of configuration file override strings in the form of
-    configuration file override strings in the form of "option.suboption=value", parse each override
+    "section.option=value", parse each override and set it the configuration dict.
    and set it into the configuration dict.
    Set the overrides into the configuration both with and without deprecated section names (if
    used), so that the overrides work regardless of whether the configuration is also using
    deprecated section names.
    '''
-    overrides = parse_overrides(raw_overrides, schema)
+    overrides = parse_overrides(raw_overrides)
    for keys, value in overrides:
        set_values(config, keys, value)
        set_values(config, strip_section_names(keys), value)
--- a/borgmatic/config/schema.yaml
+++ b/borgmatic/config/schema.yaml
--- a/borgmatic/config/validate.py
+++ b/borgmatic/config/validate.py
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import jsonschema
 import ruamel.yaml
 import borgmatic.config
-from borgmatic.config import constants, environment, load, normalize, override
+from borgmatic.config import environment, load, normalize, override
 def schema_filename():
@ -71,15 +71,18 @@ def apply_logical_validation(config_filename, parsed_configuration):
    below), run through any additional logical validation checks. If there are any such validation
    problems, raise a Validation_error.
    '''
-    repositories = parsed_configuration.get('repositories')
+    location_repositories = parsed_configuration.get('location', {}).get('repositories')
-    check_repositories = parsed_configuration.get('check_repositories', [])
+    check_repositories = parsed_configuration.get('consistency', {}).get('check_repositories', [])
    for repository in check_repositories:
        if not any(
-            repositories_match(repository, config_repository) for config_repository in repositories
+            repositories_match(repository, config_repository)
            for config_repository in location_repositories
        ):
            raise Validation_error(
                config_filename,
-                (f'Unknown repository in "check_repositories": {repository}',),
+                (
                    f'Unknown repository in the "consistency" section\'s "check_repositories": {repository}',
                ),
            )
@ -87,38 +90,29 @@ def parse_configuration(config_filename, schema_filename, overrides=None, resolv
    '''
    Given the path to a config filename in YAML format, the path to a schema filename in a YAML
    rendition of JSON Schema format, a sequence of configuration file override strings in the form
-    of "option.suboption=value", return the parsed configuration as a data structure of nested dicts
+    of "section.option=value", return the parsed configuration as a data structure of nested dicts
    and lists corresponding to the schema. Example return value:
-        {
+       {'location': {'source_directories': ['/home', '/etc'], 'repository': 'hostname.borg'},
-            'source_directories': ['/home', '/etc'],
+       'retention': {'keep_daily': 7}, 'consistency': {'checks': ['repository', 'archives']}}
            'repository': 'hostname.borg',
            'keep_daily': 7,
            'checks': ['repository', 'archives'],
        }
-    Also return a set of loaded configuration paths and a sequence of logging.LogRecord instances
+    Also return a sequence of logging.LogRecord instances containing any warnings about the
-    containing any warnings about the configuration.
+    configuration.
    Raise FileNotFoundError if the file does not exist, PermissionError if the user does not
    have permissions to read the file, or Validation_error if the config does not match the schema.
    '''
    config_paths = set()
    try:
-        config = load.load_configuration(config_filename, config_paths)
+        config = load.load_configuration(config_filename)
        schema = load.load_configuration(schema_filename)
    except (ruamel.yaml.error.YAMLError, RecursionError) as error:
        raise Validation_error(config_filename, (str(error),))
-    override.apply_overrides(config, schema, overrides)
+    override.apply_overrides(config, overrides)
-    constants.apply_constants(config, config.get('constants') if config else {})
+    logs = normalize.normalize(config_filename, config)
    if resolve_env:
        environment.resolve_env_variables(config)
    logs = normalize.normalize(config_filename, config)
    try:
        validator = jsonschema.Draft7Validator(schema)
    except AttributeError:  # pragma: no cover
@ -132,7 +126,7 @@ def parse_configuration(config_filename, schema_filename, overrides=None, resolv
    apply_logical_validation(config_filename, config)
-    return config, config_paths, logs
+    return config, logs
 def normalize_repository_path(repository):
@ -167,10 +161,11 @@ def repositories_match(first, second):
 def guard_configuration_contains_repository(repository, configurations):
    '''
    Given a repository path and a dict mapping from config filename to corresponding parsed config
-    dict, ensure that the repository is declared at least once in all of the configurations. If no
+    dict, ensure that the repository is declared exactly once in all of the configurations. If no
    repository is given, skip this check.
-    Raise ValueError if the repository is not found in any configurations.
+    Raise ValueError if the repository is not found in a configuration, or is declared multiple
    times.
    '''
    if not repository:
        return
@ -179,13 +174,15 @@ def guard_configuration_contains_repository(repository, configurations):
        tuple(
            config_repository
            for config in configurations.values()
-            for config_repository in config['repositories']
+            for config_repository in config['location']['repositories']
            if repositories_match(config_repository, repository)
        )
    )
    if count == 0:
-        raise ValueError(f'Repository "{repository}" not found in configuration files')
+        raise ValueError(f'Repository {repository} not found in configuration files')
    if count > 1:
        raise ValueError(f'Repository {repository} found in multiple configuration files')
 def guard_single_repository_selected(repository, configurations):
@ -201,7 +198,7 @@ def guard_single_repository_selected(repository, configurations):
        tuple(
            config_repository
            for config in configurations.values()
-            for config_repository in config['repositories']
+            for config_repository in config['location']['repositories']
        )
    )
--- a/borgmatic/execute.py
+++ b/borgmatic/execute.py
@ -1,70 +1,29 @@
 import collections
 import enum
 import logging
 import os
 import select
 import subprocess
 import textwrap
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 ERROR_OUTPUT_MAX_LINE_COUNT = 25
-BORG_ERROR_EXIT_CODE_START = 2
+BORG_ERROR_EXIT_CODE = 2
 BORG_ERROR_EXIT_CODE_END = 99
-class Exit_status(enum.Enum):
+def exit_code_indicates_error(command, exit_code, borg_local_path=None):
    STILL_RUNNING = 1
    SUCCESS = 2
    WARNING = 3
    ERROR = 4
 def interpret_exit_code(command, exit_code, borg_local_path=None, borg_exit_codes=None):
    '''
-    Return an Exit_status value (e.g. SUCCESS, ERROR, or WARNING) based on interpreting the given
+    Return True if the given exit code from running a command corresponds to an error. If a Borg
-    exit code. If a Borg local path is given and matches the process' command, then interpret the
+    local path is given and matches the process' command, then treat exit code 1 as a warning
-    exit code based on Borg's documented exit code semantics. And if Borg exit codes are given as a
+    instead of an error.
    sequence of exit code configuration dicts, then take those configured preferences into account.
    '''
    if exit_code is None:
-        return Exit_status.STILL_RUNNING
+        return False
    if exit_code == 0:
        return Exit_status.SUCCESS
    if borg_local_path and command[0] == borg_local_path:
-        # First try looking for the exit code in the borg_exit_codes configuration.
+        return bool(exit_code < 0 or exit_code >= BORG_ERROR_EXIT_CODE)
        for entry in borg_exit_codes or ():
            if entry.get('code') == exit_code:
                treat_as = entry.get('treat_as')
-                if treat_as == 'error':
+    return bool(exit_code != 0)
                    logger.error(
                        f'Treating exit code {exit_code} as an error, as per configuration'
                    )
                    return Exit_status.ERROR
                elif treat_as == 'warning':
                    logger.warning(
                        f'Treating exit code {exit_code} as a warning, as per configuration'
                    )
                    return Exit_status.WARNING
        # If the exit code doesn't have explicit configuration, then fall back to the default Borg
        # behavior.
        return (
            Exit_status.ERROR
            if (
                exit_code < 0
                or (
                    exit_code >= BORG_ERROR_EXIT_CODE_START
                    and exit_code <= BORG_ERROR_EXIT_CODE_END
                )
            )
            else Exit_status.WARNING
        )
    return Exit_status.ERROR
 def command_for_process(process):
@ -101,7 +60,7 @@ def append_last_lines(last_lines, captured_output, line, output_log_level):
        logger.log(output_log_level, line)
-def log_outputs(processes, exclude_stdouts, output_log_level, borg_local_path, borg_exit_codes):
+def log_outputs(processes, exclude_stdouts, output_log_level, borg_local_path):
    '''
    Given a sequence of subprocess.Popen() instances for multiple processes, log the output for each
    process with the requested log level. Additionally, raise a CalledProcessError if a process
@ -109,8 +68,7 @@ def log_outputs(processes, exclude_stdouts, output_log_level, borg_local_path, b
    path).
    If output log level is None, then instead of logging, capture output for each process and return
-    it as a dict from the process to its output. Use the given Borg local path and exit code
+    it as a dict from the process to its output.
    configuration to decide what's an error and what's a warning.
    For simplicity, it's assumed that the output buffer for each process is its stdout. But if any
    stdouts are given to exclude, then for any matching processes, log from their stderr instead.
@ -174,13 +132,10 @@ def log_outputs(processes, exclude_stdouts, output_log_level, borg_local_path, b
            if exit_code is None:
                still_running = True
                command = process.args.split(' ') if isinstance(process.args, str) else process.args
                continue
            command = process.args.split(' ') if isinstance(process.args, str) else process.args
-            exit_status = interpret_exit_code(command, exit_code, borg_local_path, borg_exit_codes)
+            # If any process errors, then raise accordingly.
-
+            if exit_code_indicates_error(command, exit_code, borg_local_path):
            if exit_status in (Exit_status.ERROR, Exit_status.WARNING):
                # If an error occurs, include its output in the raised exception so that we don't
                # inadvertently hide error output.
                output_buffer = output_buffer_for_process(process, exclude_stdouts)
@ -206,13 +161,9 @@ def log_outputs(processes, exclude_stdouts, output_log_level, borg_local_path, b
                        other_process.stdout.read(0)
                        other_process.kill()
-                if exit_status == Exit_status.ERROR:
+                raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(
-                    raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(
+                    exit_code, command_for_process(process), '\n'.join(last_lines)
-                        exit_code, command_for_process(process), '\n'.join(last_lines)
+                )
                    )
                still_running = False
                break
    if captured_outputs:
        return {
@ -220,47 +171,19 @@ def log_outputs(processes, exclude_stdouts, output_log_level, borg_local_path, b
        }
-SECRET_COMMAND_FLAG_NAMES = {'--password'}
+def log_command(full_command, input_file=None, output_file=None):
 def mask_command_secrets(full_command):
    '''
    Given a command as a sequence, mask secret values for flags like "--password" in preparation for
    logging.
    '''
    masked_command = []
    previous_piece = None
    for piece in full_command:
        masked_command.append('***' if previous_piece in SECRET_COMMAND_FLAG_NAMES else piece)
        previous_piece = piece
    return tuple(masked_command)
 MAX_LOGGED_COMMAND_LENGTH = 1000
 def log_command(full_command, input_file=None, output_file=None, environment=None):
    '''
    Log the given command (a sequence of command/argument strings), along with its input/output file
-    paths and extra environment variables (with omitted values in case they contain passwords).
+    paths.
    '''
    logger.debug(
-        textwrap.shorten(
+        ' '.join(full_command)
            ' '.join(
                tuple(f'{key}=***' for key in (environment or {}).keys())
                + mask_command_secrets(full_command)
            ),
            width=MAX_LOGGED_COMMAND_LENGTH,
            placeholder=' ...',
        )
        + (f" < {getattr(input_file, 'name', '')}" if input_file else '')
        + (f" > {getattr(output_file, 'name', '')}" if output_file else '')
    )
-# A sentinel passed as an output file to execute_command() to indicate that the command's output
+# An sentinel passed as an output file to execute_command() to indicate that the command's output
 # should be allowed to flow through to stdout without being captured for logging. Useful for
 # commands with interactive prompts or those that mess directly with the console.
 DO_NOT_CAPTURE = object()
@ -275,7 +198,6 @@ def execute_command(
    extra_environment=None,
    working_directory=None,
    borg_local_path=None,
    borg_exit_codes=None,
    run_to_completion=True,
 ):
    '''
@ -286,13 +208,12 @@ def execute_command(
    augment the current environment, and pass the result into the command. If a working directory is
    given, use that as the present working directory when running the command. If a Borg local path
    is given, and the command matches it (regardless of arguments), treat exit code 1 as a warning
-    instead of an error. But if Borg exit codes are given as a sequence of exit code configuration
+    instead of an error. If run to completion is False, then return the process for the command
-    dicts, then use that configuration to decide what's an error and what's a warning. If run to
+    without executing it to completion.
    completion is False, then return the process for the command without executing it to completion.
    Raise subprocesses.CalledProcessError if an error occurs while running the command.
    '''
-    log_command(full_command, input_file, output_file, extra_environment)
+    log_command(full_command, input_file, output_file)
    environment = {**os.environ, **extra_environment} if extra_environment else None
    do_not_capture = bool(output_file is DO_NOT_CAPTURE)
    command = ' '.join(full_command) if shell else full_command
@ -310,11 +231,7 @@ def execute_command(
        return process
    log_outputs(
-        (process,),
+        (process,), (input_file, output_file), output_log_level, borg_local_path=borg_local_path
        (input_file, output_file),
        output_log_level,
        borg_local_path,
        borg_exit_codes,
    )
@ -324,23 +241,17 @@ def execute_command_and_capture_output(
    shell=False,
    extra_environment=None,
    working_directory=None,
    borg_local_path=None,
    borg_exit_codes=None,
 ):
    '''
    Execute the given command (a sequence of command/argument strings), capturing and returning its
    output (stdout). If capture stderr is True, then capture and return stderr in addition to
    stdout. If shell is True, execute the command within a shell. If an extra environment dict is
    given, then use it to augment the current environment, and pass the result into the command. If
-    a working directory is given, use that as the present working directory when running the
+    a working directory is given, use that as the present working directory when running the command.
    command. If a Borg local path is given, and the command matches it (regardless of arguments),
    treat exit code 1 as a warning instead of an error. But if Borg exit codes are given as a
    sequence of exit code configuration dicts, then use that configuration to decide what's an error
    and what's a warning.
    Raise subprocesses.CalledProcessError if an error occurs while running the command.
    '''
-    log_command(full_command, environment=extra_environment)
+    log_command(full_command)
    environment = {**os.environ, **extra_environment} if extra_environment else None
    command = ' '.join(full_command) if shell else full_command
@ -353,10 +264,7 @@ def execute_command_and_capture_output(
            cwd=working_directory,
        )
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-        if (
+        if exit_code_indicates_error(command, error.returncode):
            interpret_exit_code(command, error.returncode, borg_local_path, borg_exit_codes)
            == Exit_status.ERROR
        ):
            raise
        output = error.output
@ -373,7 +281,6 @@ def execute_command_with_processes(
    extra_environment=None,
    working_directory=None,
    borg_local_path=None,
    borg_exit_codes=None,
 ):
    '''
    Execute the given command (a sequence of command/argument strings) and log its output at the
@ -388,14 +295,12 @@ def execute_command_with_processes(
    use it to augment the current environment, and pass the result into the command. If a working
    directory is given, use that as the present working directory when running the command. If a
    Borg local path is given, then for any matching command or process (regardless of arguments),
-    treat exit code 1 as a warning instead of an error. But if Borg exit codes are given as a
+    treat exit code 1 as a warning instead of an error.
    sequence of exit code configuration dicts, then use that configuration to decide what's an error
    and what's a warning.
    Raise subprocesses.CalledProcessError if an error occurs while running the command or in the
    upstream process.
    '''
-    log_command(full_command, input_file, output_file, extra_environment)
+    log_command(full_command, input_file, output_file)
    environment = {**os.environ, **extra_environment} if extra_environment else None
    do_not_capture = bool(output_file is DO_NOT_CAPTURE)
    command = ' '.join(full_command) if shell else full_command
@ -405,9 +310,9 @@ def execute_command_with_processes(
            command,
            stdin=input_file,
            stdout=None if do_not_capture else (output_file or subprocess.PIPE),
-            stderr=(
+            stderr=None
-                None if do_not_capture else (subprocess.PIPE if output_file else subprocess.STDOUT)
+            if do_not_capture
-            ),
+            else (subprocess.PIPE if output_file else subprocess.STDOUT),
            shell=shell,
            env=environment,
            cwd=working_directory,
@ -425,8 +330,7 @@ def execute_command_with_processes(
        tuple(processes) + (command_process,),
        (input_file, output_file),
        output_log_level,
-        borg_local_path,
+        borg_local_path=borg_local_path,
        borg_exit_codes,
    )
    if output_log_level is None:
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/apprise.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/apprise.py
@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
 import logging
 import operator
 import borgmatic.hooks.logs
 import borgmatic.hooks.monitor
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 DEFAULT_LOGS_SIZE_LIMIT_BYTES = 100000
 HANDLER_IDENTIFIER = 'apprise'
 def initialize_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
    Add a handler to the root logger that stores in memory the most recent logs emitted. That way,
    we can send them all to an Apprise notification service upon a finish or failure state. But skip
    this if the "send_logs" option is false.
    '''
    if hook_config.get('send_logs') is False:
        return
    logs_size_limit = max(
        hook_config.get('logs_size_limit', DEFAULT_LOGS_SIZE_LIMIT_BYTES)
        - len(borgmatic.hooks.logs.PAYLOAD_TRUNCATION_INDICATOR),
        0,
    )
    borgmatic.hooks.logs.add_handler(
        borgmatic.hooks.logs.Forgetful_buffering_handler(
            HANDLER_IDENTIFIER, logs_size_limit, monitoring_log_level
        )
    )
 def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
    Ping the configured Apprise service URLs. Use the given configuration filename in any log
    entries. If this is a dry run, then don't actually ping anything.
    '''
    try:
        import apprise
        from apprise import NotifyFormat, NotifyType
    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
        logger.warning('Unable to import Apprise in monitoring hook')
        return
    state_to_notify_type = {
        'start': NotifyType.INFO,
        'finish': NotifyType.SUCCESS,
        'fail': NotifyType.FAILURE,
        'log': NotifyType.INFO,
    }
    run_states = hook_config.get('states', ['fail'])
    if state.name.lower() not in run_states:
        return
    state_config = hook_config.get(
        state.name.lower(),
        {
            'title': f'A borgmatic {state.name} event happened',
            'body': f'A borgmatic {state.name} event happened',
        },
    )
    if not hook_config.get('services'):
        logger.info(f'{config_filename}: No Apprise services to ping')
        return
    dry_run_string = ' (dry run; not actually pinging)' if dry_run else ''
    labels_string = ', '.join(map(operator.itemgetter('label'), hook_config.get('services')))
    logger.info(f'{config_filename}: Pinging Apprise services: {labels_string}{dry_run_string}')
    apprise_object = apprise.Apprise()
    apprise_object.add(list(map(operator.itemgetter('url'), hook_config.get('services'))))
    if dry_run:
        return
    body = state_config.get('body')
    if state in (
        borgmatic.hooks.monitor.State.FINISH,
        borgmatic.hooks.monitor.State.FAIL,
        borgmatic.hooks.monitor.State.LOG,
    ):
        formatted_logs = borgmatic.hooks.logs.format_buffered_logs_for_payload(HANDLER_IDENTIFIER)
        if formatted_logs:
            body += f'\n\n{formatted_logs}'
    result = apprise_object.notify(
        title=state_config.get('title', ''),
        body=body,
        body_format=NotifyFormat.TEXT,
        notify_type=state_to_notify_type[state.name.lower()],
    )
    if result is False:
        logger.warning(f'{config_filename}: Error sending some Apprise notifications')
 def destroy_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
    Remove the monitor handler that was added to the root logger. This prevents the handler from
    getting reused by other instances of this monitor.
    '''
    borgmatic.hooks.logs.remove_handler(HANDLER_IDENTIFIER)
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/command.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/command.py
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import logging
 import os
 import re
 import shlex
 from borgmatic import execute
@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ def interpolate_context(config_filename, hook_description, command, context):
    names/values, interpolate the values by "{name}" into the command and return the result.
    '''
    for name, value in context.items():
-        command = command.replace(f'{{{name}}}', shlex.quote(str(value)))
+        command = command.replace(f'{{{name}}}', str(value))
    for unsupported_variable in re.findall(r'{\w+}', command):
        logger.warning(
@ -68,9 +67,9 @@ def execute_hook(commands, umask, config_filename, description, dry_run, **conte
            if not dry_run:
                execute.execute_command(
                    [command],
-                    output_log_level=(
+                    output_log_level=logging.ERROR
-                        logging.ERROR if description == 'on-error' else logging.WARNING
+                    if description == 'on-error'
-                    ),
+                    else logging.WARNING,
                    shell=True,
                )
    finally:
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/cronhub.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/cronhub.py
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ MONITOR_STATE_TO_CRONHUB = {
 def initialize_monitor(
-    ping_url, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
+    ping_url, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    No initialization is necessary for this monitor.
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def initialize_monitor(
    pass
-def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
+def ping_monitor(hook_config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
    Ping the configured Cronhub URL, modified with the monitor.State. Use the given configuration
    filename in any log entries. If this is a dry run, then don't actually ping anything.
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_lev
 def destroy_monitor(
-    ping_url_or_uuid, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
+    ping_url_or_uuid, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    No destruction is necessary for this monitor.
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/cronitor.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/cronitor.py
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ MONITOR_STATE_TO_CRONITOR = {
 def initialize_monitor(
-    ping_url, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
+    ping_url, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    No initialization is necessary for this monitor.
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def initialize_monitor(
    pass
-def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
+def ping_monitor(hook_config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
    Ping the configured Cronitor URL, modified with the monitor.State. Use the given configuration
    filename in any log entries. If this is a dry run, then don't actually ping anything.
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_lev
 def destroy_monitor(
-    ping_url_or_uuid, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
+    ping_url_or_uuid, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    No destruction is necessary for this monitor.
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/dispatch.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/dispatch.py
@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 import logging
 from borgmatic.hooks import (
    apprise,
    cronhub,
    cronitor,
    healthchecks,
    loki,
    mariadb,
    mongodb,
    mysql,
    ntfy,
@ -18,32 +15,30 @@ from borgmatic.hooks import (
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 HOOK_NAME_TO_MODULE = {
    'apprise': apprise,
    'cronhub': cronhub,
    'cronitor': cronitor,
    'healthchecks': healthchecks,
    'mariadb_databases': mariadb,
    'mongodb_databases': mongodb,
    'mysql_databases': mysql,
    'ntfy': ntfy,
    'pagerduty': pagerduty,
    'postgresql_databases': postgresql,
    'sqlite_databases': sqlite,
    'loki': loki,
 }
-def call_hook(function_name, config, log_prefix, hook_name, *args, **kwargs):
+def call_hook(function_name, hooks, log_prefix, hook_name, *args, **kwargs):
    '''
-    Given a configuration dict and a prefix to use in log entries, call the requested function of
+    Given the hooks configuration dict and a prefix to use in log entries, call the requested
-    the Python module corresponding to the given hook name. Supply that call with the configuration
+    function of the Python module corresponding to the given hook name. Supply that call with the
-    for this hook (if any), the log prefix, and any given args and kwargs. Return any return value.
+    configuration for this hook (if any), the log prefix, and any given args and kwargs. Return any
    return value.
    Raise ValueError if the hook name is unknown.
    Raise AttributeError if the function name is not found in the module.
    Raise anything else that the called function raises.
    '''
-    hook_config = config.get(hook_name, {})
+    config = hooks.get(hook_name, {})
    try:
        module = HOOK_NAME_TO_MODULE[hook_name]
@ -51,15 +46,15 @@ def call_hook(function_name, config, log_prefix, hook_name, *args, **kwargs):
        raise ValueError(f'Unknown hook name: {hook_name}')
    logger.debug(f'{log_prefix}: Calling {hook_name} hook function {function_name}')
-    return getattr(module, function_name)(hook_config, config, log_prefix, *args, **kwargs)
+    return getattr(module, function_name)(config, log_prefix, *args, **kwargs)
-def call_hooks(function_name, config, log_prefix, hook_names, *args, **kwargs):
+def call_hooks(function_name, hooks, log_prefix, hook_names, *args, **kwargs):
    '''
-    Given a configuration dict and a prefix to use in log entries, call the requested function of
+    Given the hooks configuration dict and a prefix to use in log entries, call the requested
-    the Python module corresponding to each given hook name. Supply each call with the configuration
+    function of the Python module corresponding to each given hook name. Supply each call with the
-    for that hook, the log prefix, and any given args and kwargs. Collect any return values into a
+    configuration for that hook, the log prefix, and any given args and kwargs. Collect any return
-    dict from hook name to return value.
+    values into a dict from hook name to return value.
    If the hook name is not present in the hooks configuration, then don't call the function for it
    and omit it from the return values.
@ -69,23 +64,23 @@ def call_hooks(function_name, config, log_prefix, hook_names, *args, **kwargs):
    Raise anything else that a called function raises. An error stops calls to subsequent functions.
    '''
    return {
-        hook_name: call_hook(function_name, config, log_prefix, hook_name, *args, **kwargs)
+        hook_name: call_hook(function_name, hooks, log_prefix, hook_name, *args, **kwargs)
        for hook_name in hook_names
-        if config.get(hook_name)
+        if hooks.get(hook_name)
    }
-def call_hooks_even_if_unconfigured(function_name, config, log_prefix, hook_names, *args, **kwargs):
+def call_hooks_even_if_unconfigured(function_name, hooks, log_prefix, hook_names, *args, **kwargs):
    '''
-    Given a configuration dict and a prefix to use in log entries, call the requested function of
+    Given the hooks configuration dict and a prefix to use in log entries, call the requested
-    the Python module corresponding to each given hook name. Supply each call with the configuration
+    function of the Python module corresponding to each given hook name. Supply each call with the
-    for that hook, the log prefix, and any given args and kwargs. Collect any return values into a
+    configuration for that hook, the log prefix, and any given args and kwargs. Collect any return
-    dict from hook name to return value.
+    values into a dict from hook name to return value.
    Raise AttributeError if the function name is not found in the module.
    Raise anything else that a called function raises. An error stops calls to subsequent functions.
    '''
    return {
-        hook_name: call_hook(function_name, config, log_prefix, hook_name, *args, **kwargs)
+        hook_name: call_hook(function_name, hooks, log_prefix, hook_name, *args, **kwargs)
        for hook_name in hook_names
    }
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/dump.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/dump.py
@ -6,35 +6,34 @@ from borgmatic.borg.state import DEFAULT_BORGMATIC_SOURCE_DIRECTORY
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-DATA_SOURCE_HOOK_NAMES = (
+DATABASE_HOOK_NAMES = (
-    'mariadb_databases',
+    'postgresql_databases',
    'mysql_databases',
    'mongodb_databases',
    'postgresql_databases',
    'sqlite_databases',
 )
-def make_data_source_dump_path(borgmatic_source_directory, data_source_hook_name):
+def make_database_dump_path(borgmatic_source_directory, database_hook_name):
    '''
-    Given a borgmatic source directory (or None) and a data source hook name, construct a data
+    Given a borgmatic source directory (or None) and a database hook name, construct a database dump
-    source dump path.
+    path.
    '''
    if not borgmatic_source_directory:
        borgmatic_source_directory = DEFAULT_BORGMATIC_SOURCE_DIRECTORY
-    return os.path.join(borgmatic_source_directory, data_source_hook_name)
+    return os.path.join(borgmatic_source_directory, database_hook_name)
-def make_data_source_dump_filename(dump_path, name, hostname=None):
+def make_database_dump_filename(dump_path, name, hostname=None):
    '''
-    Based on the given dump directory path, data source name, and hostname, return a filename to use
+    Based on the given dump directory path, database name, and hostname, return a filename to use
-    for the data source dump. The hostname defaults to localhost.
+    for the database dump. The hostname defaults to localhost.
-    Raise ValueError if the data source name is invalid.
+    Raise ValueError if the database name is invalid.
    '''
    if os.path.sep in name:
-        raise ValueError(f'Invalid data source name {name}')
+        raise ValueError(f'Invalid database name {name}')
    return os.path.join(os.path.expanduser(dump_path), hostname or 'localhost', name)
@ -54,14 +53,14 @@ def create_named_pipe_for_dump(dump_path):
    os.mkfifo(dump_path, mode=0o600)
-def remove_data_source_dumps(dump_path, data_source_type_name, log_prefix, dry_run):
+def remove_database_dumps(dump_path, database_type_name, log_prefix, dry_run):
    '''
-    Remove all data source dumps in the given dump directory path (including the directory itself).
+    Remove all database dumps in the given dump directory path (including the directory itself). If
-    If this is a dry run, then don't actually remove anything.
+    this is a dry run, then don't actually remove anything.
    '''
    dry_run_label = ' (dry run; not actually removing anything)' if dry_run else ''
-    logger.debug(f'{log_prefix}: Removing {data_source_type_name} data source dumps{dry_run_label}')
+    logger.debug(f'{log_prefix}: Removing {database_type_name} database dumps{dry_run_label}')
    expanded_path = os.path.expanduser(dump_path)
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/healthchecks.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/healthchecks.py
@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 import logging
 import re
 import requests
 import borgmatic.hooks.logs
 from borgmatic.hooks import monitor
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@ -15,11 +13,64 @@ MONITOR_STATE_TO_HEALTHCHECKS = {
    monitor.State.LOG: 'log',
 }
-DEFAULT_PING_BODY_LIMIT_BYTES = 1500
+PAYLOAD_TRUNCATION_INDICATOR = '...\n'
-HANDLER_IDENTIFIER = 'healthchecks'
+DEFAULT_PING_BODY_LIMIT_BYTES = 100000
-def initialize_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
+class Forgetful_buffering_handler(logging.Handler):
    '''
    A buffering log handler that stores log messages in memory, and throws away messages (oldest
    first) once a particular capacity in bytes is reached. But if the given byte capacity is zero,
    don't throw away any messages.
    '''
    def __init__(self, byte_capacity, log_level):
        super().__init__()
        self.byte_capacity = byte_capacity
        self.byte_count = 0
        self.buffer = []
        self.forgot = False
        self.setLevel(log_level)
    def emit(self, record):
        message = record.getMessage() + '\n'
        self.byte_count += len(message)
        self.buffer.append(message)
        if not self.byte_capacity:
            return
        while self.byte_count > self.byte_capacity and self.buffer:
            self.byte_count -= len(self.buffer[0])
            self.buffer.pop(0)
            self.forgot = True
 def format_buffered_logs_for_payload():
    '''
    Get the handler previously added to the root logger, and slurp buffered logs out of it to
    send to Healthchecks.
    '''
    try:
        buffering_handler = next(
            handler
            for handler in logging.getLogger().handlers
            if isinstance(handler, Forgetful_buffering_handler)
        )
    except StopIteration:
        # No handler means no payload.
        return ''
    payload = ''.join(message for message in buffering_handler.buffer)
    if buffering_handler.forgot:
        return PAYLOAD_TRUNCATION_INDICATOR + payload
    return payload
 def initialize_monitor(hook_config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
    Add a handler to the root logger that stores in memory the most recent logs emitted. That way,
    we can send them all to Healthchecks upon a finish or failure state. But skip this if the
@ -30,18 +81,16 @@ def initialize_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_leve
    ping_body_limit = max(
        hook_config.get('ping_body_limit', DEFAULT_PING_BODY_LIMIT_BYTES)
-        - len(borgmatic.hooks.logs.PAYLOAD_TRUNCATION_INDICATOR),
+        - len(PAYLOAD_TRUNCATION_INDICATOR),
        0,
    )
-    borgmatic.hooks.logs.add_handler(
+    logging.getLogger().addHandler(
-        borgmatic.hooks.logs.Forgetful_buffering_handler(
+        Forgetful_buffering_handler(ping_body_limit, monitoring_log_level)
            HANDLER_IDENTIFIER, ping_body_limit, monitoring_log_level
        )
    )
-def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
+def ping_monitor(hook_config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
    Ping the configured Healthchecks URL or UUID, modified with the monitor.State. Use the given
    configuration filename in any log entries, and log to Healthchecks with the giving log level.
@ -60,25 +109,15 @@ def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_lev
        )
        return
    ping_url_is_uuid = re.search(r'\w{8}-\w{4}-\w{4}-\w{4}-\w{12}$', ping_url)
    healthchecks_state = MONITOR_STATE_TO_HEALTHCHECKS.get(state)
    if healthchecks_state:
        ping_url = f'{ping_url}/{healthchecks_state}'
    if hook_config.get('create_slug'):
        if ping_url_is_uuid:
            logger.warning(
                f'{config_filename}: Healthchecks UUIDs do not support auto provisionning; ignoring'
            )
        else:
            ping_url = f'{ping_url}?create=1'
    logger.info(f'{config_filename}: Pinging Healthchecks {state.name.lower()}{dry_run_label}')
    logger.debug(f'{config_filename}: Using Healthchecks ping URL {ping_url}')
    if state in (monitor.State.FINISH, monitor.State.FAIL, monitor.State.LOG):
-        payload = borgmatic.hooks.logs.format_buffered_logs_for_payload(HANDLER_IDENTIFIER)
+        payload = format_buffered_logs_for_payload()
    else:
        payload = ''
@ -94,9 +133,13 @@ def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_lev
            logger.warning(f'{config_filename}: Healthchecks error: {error}')
-def destroy_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
+def destroy_monitor(hook_config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
    Remove the monitor handler that was added to the root logger. This prevents the handler from
    getting reused by other instances of this monitor.
    '''
-    borgmatic.hooks.logs.remove_handler(HANDLER_IDENTIFIER)
+    logger = logging.getLogger()
    for handler in tuple(logger.handlers):
        if isinstance(handler, Forgetful_buffering_handler):
            logger.removeHandler(handler)
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/logs.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/logs.py
@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
 import logging
 PAYLOAD_TRUNCATION_INDICATOR = '...\n'
 class Forgetful_buffering_handler(logging.Handler):
    '''
    A buffering log handler that stores log messages in memory, and throws away messages (oldest
    first) once a particular capacity in bytes is reached. But if the given byte capacity is zero,
    don't throw away any messages.
    The given identifier is used to distinguish the instance of this handler used for one monitoring
    hook from those instances used for other monitoring hooks.
    '''
    def __init__(self, identifier, byte_capacity, log_level):
        super().__init__()
        self.identifier = identifier
        self.byte_capacity = byte_capacity
        self.byte_count = 0
        self.buffer = []
        self.forgot = False
        self.setLevel(log_level)
    def emit(self, record):
        message = record.getMessage() + '\n'
        self.byte_count += len(message)
        self.buffer.append(message)
        if not self.byte_capacity:
            return
        while self.byte_count > self.byte_capacity and self.buffer:
            self.byte_count -= len(self.buffer[0])
            self.buffer.pop(0)
            self.forgot = True
 def add_handler(handler):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Add the given handler to the global logger.
    '''
    logging.getLogger().addHandler(handler)
 def get_handler(identifier):
    '''
    Given the identifier for an existing Forgetful_buffering_handler instance, return the handler.
    Raise ValueError if the handler isn't found.
    '''
    try:
        return next(
            handler
            for handler in logging.getLogger().handlers
            if isinstance(handler, Forgetful_buffering_handler) and handler.identifier == identifier
        )
    except StopIteration:
        raise ValueError(f'A buffering handler for {identifier} was not found')
 def format_buffered_logs_for_payload(identifier):
    '''
    Get the handler previously added to the root logger, and slurp buffered logs out of it to
    send to Healthchecks.
    '''
    try:
        buffering_handler = get_handler(identifier)
    except ValueError:
        # No handler means no payload.
        return ''
    payload = ''.join(message for message in buffering_handler.buffer)
    if buffering_handler.forgot:
        return PAYLOAD_TRUNCATION_INDICATOR + payload
    return payload
 def remove_handler(identifier):
    '''
    Given the identifier for an existing Forgetful_buffering_handler instance, remove it.
    '''
    logger = logging.getLogger()
    try:
        logger.removeHandler(get_handler(identifier))
    except ValueError:
        pass
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/loki.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/loki.py
@ -1,154 +0,0 @@
 import json
 import logging
 import os
 import platform
 import time
 import requests
 from borgmatic.hooks import monitor
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 MONITOR_STATE_TO_LOKI = {
    monitor.State.START: 'Started',
    monitor.State.FINISH: 'Finished',
    monitor.State.FAIL: 'Failed',
 }
 # Threshold at which logs get flushed to loki
 MAX_BUFFER_LINES = 100
 class Loki_log_buffer:
    '''
    A log buffer that allows to output the logs as loki requests in json. Allows
    adding labels to the log stream and takes care of communication with loki.
    '''
    def __init__(self, url, dry_run):
        self.url = url
        self.dry_run = dry_run
        self.root = {'streams': [{'stream': {}, 'values': []}]}
    def add_value(self, value):
        '''
        Add a log entry to the stream.
        '''
        timestamp = str(time.time_ns())
        self.root['streams'][0]['values'].append((timestamp, value))
    def add_label(self, label, value):
        '''
        Add a label to the logging stream.
        '''
        self.root['streams'][0]['stream'][label] = value
    def to_request(self):
        return json.dumps(self.root)
    def __len__(self):
        '''
        Gets the number of lines currently in the buffer.
        '''
        return len(self.root['streams'][0]['values'])
    def flush(self):
        if self.dry_run:
            # Just empty the buffer and skip
            self.root['streams'][0]['values'] = []
            logger.info('Skipped uploading logs to loki due to dry run')
            return
        if len(self) == 0:
            # Skip as there are not logs to send yet
            return
        request_body = self.to_request()
        self.root['streams'][0]['values'] = []
        request_header = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
        try:
            result = requests.post(self.url, headers=request_header, data=request_body, timeout=5)
            result.raise_for_status()
        except requests.RequestException:
            logger.warning('Failed to upload logs to loki')
 class Loki_log_handler(logging.Handler):
    '''
    A log handler that sends logs to loki.
    '''
    def __init__(self, url, dry_run):
        super().__init__()
        self.buffer = Loki_log_buffer(url, dry_run)
    def emit(self, record):
        '''
        Add a log record from the logging module to the stream.
        '''
        self.raw(record.getMessage())
    def add_label(self, key, value):
        '''
        Add a label to the logging stream.
        '''
        self.buffer.add_label(key, value)
    def raw(self, msg):
        '''
        Add an arbitrary string as a log entry to the stream.
        '''
        self.buffer.add_value(msg)
        if len(self.buffer) > MAX_BUFFER_LINES:
            self.buffer.flush()
    def flush(self):
        '''
        Send the logs to loki and empty the buffer.
        '''
        self.buffer.flush()
 def initialize_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
    Add a handler to the root logger to regularly send the logs to loki.
    '''
    url = hook_config.get('url')
    loki = Loki_log_handler(url, dry_run)
    for key, value in hook_config.get('labels').items():
        if value == '__hostname':
            loki.add_label(key, platform.node())
        elif value == '__config':
            loki.add_label(key, os.path.basename(config_filename))
        elif value == '__config_path':
            loki.add_label(key, config_filename)
        else:
            loki.add_label(key, value)
    logging.getLogger().addHandler(loki)
 def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
    Add an entry to the loki logger with the current state.
    '''
    for handler in tuple(logging.getLogger().handlers):
        if isinstance(handler, Loki_log_handler):
            if state in MONITOR_STATE_TO_LOKI.keys():
                handler.raw(f'{config_filename}: {MONITOR_STATE_TO_LOKI[state]} backup')
 def destroy_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
    Remove the monitor handler that was added to the root logger.
    '''
    logger = logging.getLogger()
    for handler in tuple(logger.handlers):
        if isinstance(handler, Loki_log_handler):
            handler.flush()
            logger.removeHandler(handler)
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/mariadb.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/mariadb.py
@ -1,257 +0,0 @@
 import copy
 import logging
 import os
 import shlex
 from borgmatic.execute import (
    execute_command,
    execute_command_and_capture_output,
    execute_command_with_processes,
 )
 from borgmatic.hooks import dump
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def make_dump_path(config):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Make the dump path from the given configuration dict and the name of this hook.
    '''
    return dump.make_data_source_dump_path(
        config.get('borgmatic_source_directory'), 'mariadb_databases'
    )
 SYSTEM_DATABASE_NAMES = ('information_schema', 'mysql', 'performance_schema', 'sys')
 def database_names_to_dump(database, extra_environment, log_prefix, dry_run):
    '''
    Given a requested database config, return the corresponding sequence of database names to dump.
    In the case of "all", query for the names of databases on the configured host and return them,
    excluding any system databases that will cause problems during restore.
    '''
    if database['name'] != 'all':
        return (database['name'],)
    if dry_run:
        return ()
    mariadb_show_command = tuple(
        shlex.quote(part) for part in shlex.split(database.get('mariadb_command') or 'mariadb')
    )
    show_command = (
        mariadb_show_command
        + (tuple(database['list_options'].split(' ')) if 'list_options' in database else ())
        + (('--host', database['hostname']) if 'hostname' in database else ())
        + (('--port', str(database['port'])) if 'port' in database else ())
        + (('--protocol', 'tcp') if 'hostname' in database or 'port' in database else ())
        + (('--user', database['username']) if 'username' in database else ())
        + ('--skip-column-names', '--batch')
        + ('--execute', 'show schemas')
    )
    logger.debug(f'{log_prefix}: Querying for "all" MariaDB databases to dump')
    show_output = execute_command_and_capture_output(
        show_command, extra_environment=extra_environment
    )
    return tuple(
        show_name
        for show_name in show_output.strip().splitlines()
        if show_name not in SYSTEM_DATABASE_NAMES
    )
 def execute_dump_command(
    database, log_prefix, dump_path, database_names, extra_environment, dry_run, dry_run_label
 ):
    '''
    Kick off a dump for the given MariaDB database (provided as a configuration dict) to a named
    pipe constructed from the given dump path and database name. Use the given log prefix in any
    log entries.
    Return a subprocess.Popen instance for the dump process ready to spew to a named pipe. But if
    this is a dry run, then don't actually dump anything and return None.
    '''
    database_name = database['name']
    dump_filename = dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
        dump_path, database['name'], database.get('hostname')
    )
    if os.path.exists(dump_filename):
        logger.warning(
            f'{log_prefix}: Skipping duplicate dump of MariaDB database "{database_name}" to {dump_filename}'
        )
        return None
    mariadb_dump_command = tuple(
        shlex.quote(part)
        for part in shlex.split(database.get('mariadb_dump_command') or 'mariadb-dump')
    )
    dump_command = (
        mariadb_dump_command
        + (tuple(database['options'].split(' ')) if 'options' in database else ())
        + (('--add-drop-database',) if database.get('add_drop_database', True) else ())
        + (('--host', database['hostname']) if 'hostname' in database else ())
        + (('--port', str(database['port'])) if 'port' in database else ())
        + (('--protocol', 'tcp') if 'hostname' in database or 'port' in database else ())
        + (('--user', database['username']) if 'username' in database else ())
        + ('--databases',)
        + database_names
        + ('--result-file', dump_filename)
    )
    logger.debug(
        f'{log_prefix}: Dumping MariaDB database "{database_name}" to {dump_filename}{dry_run_label}'
    )
    if dry_run:
        return None
    dump.create_named_pipe_for_dump(dump_filename)
    return execute_command(
        dump_command,
        extra_environment=extra_environment,
        run_to_completion=False,
    )
 def use_streaming(databases, config, log_prefix):
    '''
    Given a sequence of MariaDB database configuration dicts, a configuration dict (ignored), and a
    log prefix (ignored), return whether streaming will be using during dumps.
    '''
    return any(databases)
 def dump_data_sources(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):
    '''
    Dump the given MariaDB databases to a named pipe. The databases are supplied as a sequence of
    dicts, one dict describing each database as per the configuration schema. Use the given
    configuration dict to construct the destination path and the given log prefix in any log
    entries.
    Return a sequence of subprocess.Popen instances for the dump processes ready to spew to a named
    pipe. But if this is a dry run, then don't actually dump anything and return an empty sequence.
    '''
    dry_run_label = ' (dry run; not actually dumping anything)' if dry_run else ''
    processes = []
    logger.info(f'{log_prefix}: Dumping MariaDB databases{dry_run_label}')
    for database in databases:
        dump_path = make_dump_path(config)
        extra_environment = {'MYSQL_PWD': database['password']} if 'password' in database else None
        dump_database_names = database_names_to_dump(
            database, extra_environment, log_prefix, dry_run
        )
        if not dump_database_names:
            if dry_run:
                continue
            raise ValueError('Cannot find any MariaDB databases to dump.')
        if database['name'] == 'all' and database.get('format'):
            for dump_name in dump_database_names:
                renamed_database = copy.copy(database)
                renamed_database['name'] = dump_name
                processes.append(
                    execute_dump_command(
                        renamed_database,
                        log_prefix,
                        dump_path,
                        (dump_name,),
                        extra_environment,
                        dry_run,
                        dry_run_label,
                    )
                )
        else:
            processes.append(
                execute_dump_command(
                    database,
                    log_prefix,
                    dump_path,
                    dump_database_names,
                    extra_environment,
                    dry_run,
                    dry_run_label,
                )
            )
    return [process for process in processes if process]
 def remove_data_source_dumps(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Remove all database dump files for this hook regardless of the given databases. Use the given
    configuration dict to construct the destination path and the log prefix in any log entries. If
    this is a dry run, then don't actually remove anything.
    '''
    dump.remove_data_source_dumps(make_dump_path(config), 'MariaDB', log_prefix, dry_run)
 def make_data_source_dump_pattern(databases, config, log_prefix, name=None):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Given a sequence of configurations dicts, a configuration dict, a prefix to log with, and a
    database name to match, return the corresponding glob patterns to match the database dump in an
    archive.
    '''
    return dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(make_dump_path(config), name, hostname='*')
 def restore_data_source_dump(
    hook_config, config, log_prefix, data_source, dry_run, extract_process, connection_params
 ):
    '''
    Restore a database from the given extract stream. The database is supplied as a data source
    configuration dict, but the given hook configuration is ignored. The given configuration dict is
    used to construct the destination path, and the given log prefix is used for any log entries. If
    this is a dry run, then don't actually restore anything. Trigger the given active extract
    process (an instance of subprocess.Popen) to produce output to consume.
    '''
    dry_run_label = ' (dry run; not actually restoring anything)' if dry_run else ''
    hostname = connection_params['hostname'] or data_source.get(
        'restore_hostname', data_source.get('hostname')
    )
    port = str(
        connection_params['port'] or data_source.get('restore_port', data_source.get('port', ''))
    )
    username = connection_params['username'] or data_source.get(
        'restore_username', data_source.get('username')
    )
    password = connection_params['password'] or data_source.get(
        'restore_password', data_source.get('password')
    )
    mariadb_restore_command = tuple(
        shlex.quote(part) for part in shlex.split(data_source.get('mariadb_command') or 'mariadb')
    )
    restore_command = (
        mariadb_restore_command
        + ('--batch',)
        + (
            tuple(data_source['restore_options'].split(' '))
            if 'restore_options' in data_source
            else ()
        )
        + (('--host', hostname) if hostname else ())
        + (('--port', str(port)) if port else ())
        + (('--protocol', 'tcp') if hostname or port else ())
        + (('--user', username) if username else ())
    )
    extra_environment = {'MYSQL_PWD': password} if password else None
    logger.debug(f"{log_prefix}: Restoring MariaDB database {data_source['name']}{dry_run_label}")
    if dry_run:
        return
    # Don't give Borg local path so as to error on warnings, as "borg extract" only gives a warning
    # if the restore paths don't exist in the archive.
    execute_command_with_processes(
        restore_command,
        [extract_process],
        output_log_level=logging.DEBUG,
        input_file=extract_process.stdout,
        extra_environment=extra_environment,
    )
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/mongodb.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/mongodb.py
@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import logging
 import shlex
 from borgmatic.execute import execute_command, execute_command_with_processes
 from borgmatic.hooks import dump
@ -7,28 +6,21 @@ from borgmatic.hooks import dump
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-def make_dump_path(config):  # pragma: no cover
+def make_dump_path(location_config):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
-    Make the dump path from the given configuration dict and the name of this hook.
+    Make the dump path from the given location configuration and the name of this hook.
    '''
-    return dump.make_data_source_dump_path(
+    return dump.make_database_dump_path(
-        config.get('borgmatic_source_directory'), 'mongodb_databases'
+        location_config.get('borgmatic_source_directory'), 'mongodb_databases'
    )
-def use_streaming(databases, config, log_prefix):
+def dump_databases(databases, log_prefix, location_config, dry_run):
    '''
    Given a sequence of MongoDB database configuration dicts, a configuration dict (ignored), and a
    log prefix (ignored), return whether streaming will be using during dumps.
    '''
    return any(database.get('format') != 'directory' for database in databases)
 def dump_data_sources(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):
    '''
    Dump the given MongoDB databases to a named pipe. The databases are supplied as a sequence of
-    dicts, one dict describing each database as per the configuration schema. Use the configuration
+    dicts, one dict describing each database as per the configuration schema. Use the given log
-    dict to construct the destination path and the given log prefix in any log entries.
+    prefix in any log entries. Use the given location configuration dict to construct the
    destination path.
    Return a sequence of subprocess.Popen instances for the dump processes ready to spew to a named
    pipe. But if this is a dry run, then don't actually dump anything and return an empty sequence.
@ -40,8 +32,8 @@ def dump_data_sources(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):
    processes = []
    for database in databases:
        name = database['name']
-        dump_filename = dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
+        dump_filename = dump.make_database_dump_filename(
-            make_dump_path(config), name, database.get('hostname')
+            make_dump_path(location_config), name, database.get('hostname')
        )
        dump_format = database.get('format', 'archive')
@ -68,69 +60,75 @@ def build_dump_command(database, dump_filename, dump_format):
    Return the mongodump command from a single database configuration.
    '''
    all_databases = database['name'] == 'all'
-
+    command = ['mongodump']
-    return (
+    if dump_format == 'directory':
-        ('mongodump',)
+        command.extend(('--out', dump_filename))
-        + (('--out', shlex.quote(dump_filename)) if dump_format == 'directory' else ())
+    if 'hostname' in database:
-        + (('--host', shlex.quote(database['hostname'])) if 'hostname' in database else ())
+        command.extend(('--host', database['hostname']))
-        + (('--port', shlex.quote(str(database['port']))) if 'port' in database else ())
+    if 'port' in database:
-        + (('--username', shlex.quote(database['username'])) if 'username' in database else ())
+        command.extend(('--port', str(database['port'])))
-        + (('--password', shlex.quote(database['password'])) if 'password' in database else ())
+    if 'username' in database:
-        + (
+        command.extend(('--username', database['username']))
-            ('--authenticationDatabase', shlex.quote(database['authentication_database']))
+    if 'password' in database:
-            if 'authentication_database' in database
+        command.extend(('--password', database['password']))
-            else ()
+    if 'authentication_database' in database:
-        )
+        command.extend(('--authenticationDatabase', database['authentication_database']))
-        + (('--db', shlex.quote(database['name'])) if not all_databases else ())
+    if not all_databases:
-        + (
+        command.extend(('--db', database['name']))
-            tuple(shlex.quote(option) for option in database['options'].split(' '))
+    if 'options' in database:
-            if 'options' in database
+        command.extend(database['options'].split(' '))
-            else ()
+    if dump_format != 'directory':
-        )
+        command.extend(('--archive', '>', dump_filename))
-        + (('--archive', '>', shlex.quote(dump_filename)) if dump_format != 'directory' else ())
+    return command
    )
-def remove_data_source_dumps(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):  # pragma: no cover
+def remove_database_dumps(databases, log_prefix, location_config, dry_run):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Remove all database dump files for this hook regardless of the given databases. Use the log
-    prefix in any log entries. Use the given configuration dict to construct the destination path.
+    prefix in any log entries. Use the given location configuration dict to construct the
-    If this is a dry run, then don't actually remove anything.
+    destination path. If this is a dry run, then don't actually remove anything.
    '''
-    dump.remove_data_source_dumps(make_dump_path(config), 'MongoDB', log_prefix, dry_run)
+    dump.remove_database_dumps(make_dump_path(location_config), 'MongoDB', log_prefix, dry_run)
-def make_data_source_dump_pattern(databases, config, log_prefix, name=None):  # pragma: no cover
+def make_database_dump_pattern(
    databases, log_prefix, location_config, name=None
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
-    Given a sequence of database configurations dicts, a configuration dict, a prefix to log with,
+    Given a sequence of configurations dicts, a prefix to log with, a location configuration dict,
    and a database name to match, return the corresponding glob patterns to match the database dump
    in an archive.
    '''
-    return dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(make_dump_path(config), name, hostname='*')
+    return dump.make_database_dump_filename(make_dump_path(location_config), name, hostname='*')
-def restore_data_source_dump(
+def restore_database_dump(
-    hook_config, config, log_prefix, data_source, dry_run, extract_process, connection_params
+    database_config, log_prefix, location_config, dry_run, extract_process, connection_params
 ):
    '''
-    Restore a database from the given extract stream. The database is supplied as a data source
+    Restore the given MongoDB database from an extract stream. The database is supplied as a
-    configuration dict, but the given hook configuration is ignored. The given configuration dict is
+    one-element sequence containing a dict describing the database, as per the configuration schema.
-    used to construct the destination path, and the given log prefix is used for any log entries. If
+    Use the given log prefix in any log entries. If this is a dry run, then don't actually restore
-    this is a dry run, then don't actually restore anything. Trigger the given active extract
+    anything. Trigger the given active extract process (an instance of subprocess.Popen) to produce
-    process (an instance of subprocess.Popen) to produce output to consume.
+    output to consume.
    If the extract process is None, then restore the dump from the filesystem rather than from an
    extract stream.
    '''
    dry_run_label = ' (dry run; not actually restoring anything)' if dry_run else ''
-    dump_filename = dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
+
-        make_dump_path(config), data_source['name'], data_source.get('hostname')
+    if len(database_config) != 1:
        raise ValueError('The database configuration value is invalid')
    database = database_config[0]
    dump_filename = dump.make_database_dump_filename(
        make_dump_path(location_config), database['name'], database.get('hostname')
    )
    restore_command = build_restore_command(
-        extract_process, data_source, dump_filename, connection_params
+        extract_process, database, dump_filename, connection_params
    )
-    logger.debug(f"{log_prefix}: Restoring MongoDB database {data_source['name']}{dry_run_label}")
+    logger.debug(f"{log_prefix}: Restoring MongoDB database {database['name']}{dry_run_label}")
    if dry_run:
        return
@ -165,7 +163,7 @@ def build_restore_command(extract_process, database, dump_filename, connection_p
    else:
        command.extend(('--dir', dump_filename))
    if database['name'] != 'all':
-        command.extend(('--drop',))
+        command.extend(('--drop', '--db', database['name']))
    if hostname:
        command.extend(('--host', hostname))
    if port:
@ -178,8 +176,7 @@ def build_restore_command(extract_process, database, dump_filename, connection_p
        command.extend(('--authenticationDatabase', database['authentication_database']))
    if 'restore_options' in database:
        command.extend(database['restore_options'].split(' '))
-    if database.get('schemas'):
+    if database['schemas']:
        for schema in database['schemas']:
            command.extend(('--nsInclude', schema))
    return command
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/monitor.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/monitor.py
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from enum import Enum
-MONITOR_HOOK_NAMES = ('apprise', 'healthchecks', 'cronitor', 'cronhub', 'pagerduty', 'ntfy', 'loki')
+MONITOR_HOOK_NAMES = ('healthchecks', 'cronitor', 'cronhub', 'pagerduty', 'ntfy')
 class State(Enum):
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/mysql.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/mysql.py
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import copy
 import logging
 import os
 import shlex
 from borgmatic.execute import (
    execute_command,
@ -13,12 +12,12 @@ from borgmatic.hooks import dump
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-def make_dump_path(config):  # pragma: no cover
+def make_dump_path(location_config):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
-    Make the dump path from the given configuration dict and the name of this hook.
+    Make the dump path from the given location configuration and the name of this hook.
    '''
-    return dump.make_data_source_dump_path(
+    return dump.make_database_dump_path(
-        config.get('borgmatic_source_directory'), 'mysql_databases'
+        location_config.get('borgmatic_source_directory'), 'mysql_databases'
    )
@ -36,11 +35,8 @@ def database_names_to_dump(database, extra_environment, log_prefix, dry_run):
    if dry_run:
        return ()
    mysql_show_command = tuple(
        shlex.quote(part) for part in shlex.split(database.get('mysql_command') or 'mysql')
    )
    show_command = (
-        mysql_show_command
+        ('mysql',)
        + (tuple(database['list_options'].split(' ')) if 'list_options' in database else ())
        + (('--host', database['hostname']) if 'hostname' in database else ())
        + (('--port', str(database['port'])) if 'port' in database else ())
@ -66,28 +62,24 @@ def execute_dump_command(
 ):
    '''
    Kick off a dump for the given MySQL/MariaDB database (provided as a configuration dict) to a
-    named pipe constructed from the given dump path and database name. Use the given log prefix in
+    named pipe constructed from the given dump path and database names. Use the given log prefix in
    any log entries.
    Return a subprocess.Popen instance for the dump process ready to spew to a named pipe. But if
    this is a dry run, then don't actually dump anything and return None.
    '''
    database_name = database['name']
-    dump_filename = dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
+    dump_filename = dump.make_database_dump_filename(
        dump_path, database['name'], database.get('hostname')
    )
    if os.path.exists(dump_filename):
        logger.warning(
            f'{log_prefix}: Skipping duplicate dump of MySQL database "{database_name}" to {dump_filename}'
        )
        return None
    mysql_dump_command = tuple(
        shlex.quote(part) for part in shlex.split(database.get('mysql_dump_command') or 'mysqldump')
    )
    dump_command = (
-        mysql_dump_command
+        ('mysqldump',)
        + (tuple(database['options'].split(' ')) if 'options' in database else ())
        + (('--add-drop-database',) if database.get('add_drop_database', True) else ())
        + (('--host', database['hostname']) if 'hostname' in database else ())
@ -114,19 +106,12 @@ def execute_dump_command(
    )
-def use_streaming(databases, config, log_prefix):
+def dump_databases(databases, log_prefix, location_config, dry_run):
    '''
    Given a sequence of MySQL database configuration dicts, a configuration dict (ignored), and a
    log prefix (ignored), return whether streaming will be using during dumps.
    '''
    return any(databases)
 def dump_data_sources(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):
    '''
    Dump the given MySQL/MariaDB databases to a named pipe. The databases are supplied as a sequence
-    of dicts, one dict describing each database as per the configuration schema. Use the given
+    of dicts, one dict describing each database as per the configuration schema. Use the given log
-    configuration dict to construct the destination path and the given log prefix in any log entries.
+    prefix in any log entries. Use the given location configuration dict to construct the
    destination path.
    Return a sequence of subprocess.Popen instances for the dump processes ready to spew to a named
    pipe. But if this is a dry run, then don't actually dump anything and return an empty sequence.
@ -137,7 +122,7 @@ def dump_data_sources(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):
    logger.info(f'{log_prefix}: Dumping MySQL databases{dry_run_label}')
    for database in databases:
-        dump_path = make_dump_path(config)
+        dump_path = make_dump_path(location_config)
        extra_environment = {'MYSQL_PWD': database['password']} if 'password' in database else None
        dump_database_names = database_names_to_dump(
            database, extra_environment, log_prefix, dry_run
@ -180,59 +165,57 @@ def dump_data_sources(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):
    return [process for process in processes if process]
-def remove_data_source_dumps(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):  # pragma: no cover
+def remove_database_dumps(databases, log_prefix, location_config, dry_run):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
-    Remove all database dump files for this hook regardless of the given databases. Use the given
+    Remove all database dump files for this hook regardless of the given databases. Use the log
-    configuration dict to construct the destination path and the log prefix in any log entries. If
+    prefix in any log entries. Use the given location configuration dict to construct the
-    this is a dry run, then don't actually remove anything.
+    destination path. If this is a dry run, then don't actually remove anything.
    '''
-    dump.remove_data_source_dumps(make_dump_path(config), 'MySQL', log_prefix, dry_run)
+    dump.remove_database_dumps(make_dump_path(location_config), 'MySQL', log_prefix, dry_run)
-def make_data_source_dump_pattern(databases, config, log_prefix, name=None):  # pragma: no cover
+def make_database_dump_pattern(
    databases, log_prefix, location_config, name=None
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
-    Given a sequence of configurations dicts, a configuration dict, a prefix to log with, and a
+    Given a sequence of configurations dicts, a prefix to log with, a location configuration dict,
-    database name to match, return the corresponding glob patterns to match the database dump in an
+    and a database name to match, return the corresponding glob patterns to match the database dump
-    archive.
+    in an archive.
    '''
-    return dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(make_dump_path(config), name, hostname='*')
+    return dump.make_database_dump_filename(make_dump_path(location_config), name, hostname='*')
-def restore_data_source_dump(
+def restore_database_dump(
-    hook_config, config, log_prefix, data_source, dry_run, extract_process, connection_params
+    database_config, log_prefix, location_config, dry_run, extract_process, connection_params
 ):
    '''
-    Restore a database from the given extract stream. The database is supplied as a data source
+    Restore the given MySQL/MariaDB database from an extract stream. The database is supplied as a
-    configuration dict, but the given hook configuration is ignored. The given configuration dict is
+    one-element sequence containing a dict describing the database, as per the configuration schema.
-    used to construct the destination path, and the given log prefix is used for any log entries. If
+    Use the given log prefix in any log entries. If this is a dry run, then don't actually restore
-    this is a dry run, then don't actually restore anything. Trigger the given active extract
+    anything. Trigger the given active extract process (an instance of subprocess.Popen) to produce
-    process (an instance of subprocess.Popen) to produce output to consume.
+    output to consume.
    '''
    dry_run_label = ' (dry run; not actually restoring anything)' if dry_run else ''
-    hostname = connection_params['hostname'] or data_source.get(
+
-        'restore_hostname', data_source.get('hostname')
+    if len(database_config) != 1:
        raise ValueError('The database configuration value is invalid')
    database = database_config[0]
    hostname = connection_params['hostname'] or database.get(
        'restore_hostname', database.get('hostname')
    )
-    port = str(
+    port = str(connection_params['port'] or database.get('restore_port', database.get('port', '')))
-        connection_params['port'] or data_source.get('restore_port', data_source.get('port', ''))
+    username = connection_params['username'] or database.get(
        'restore_username', database.get('username')
    )
-    username = connection_params['username'] or data_source.get(
+    password = connection_params['password'] or database.get(
-        'restore_username', data_source.get('username')
+        'restore_password', database.get('password')
    )
    password = connection_params['password'] or data_source.get(
        'restore_password', data_source.get('password')
    )
    mysql_restore_command = tuple(
        shlex.quote(part) for part in shlex.split(data_source.get('mysql_command') or 'mysql')
    )
    restore_command = (
-        mysql_restore_command
+        ('mysql', '--batch')
-        + ('--batch',)
+        + (tuple(database['restore_options'].split(' ')) if 'restore_options' in database else ())
        + (
            tuple(data_source['restore_options'].split(' '))
            if 'restore_options' in data_source
            else ()
        )
        + (('--host', hostname) if hostname else ())
        + (('--port', str(port)) if port else ())
        + (('--protocol', 'tcp') if hostname or port else ())
@ -240,7 +223,7 @@ def restore_data_source_dump(
    )
    extra_environment = {'MYSQL_PWD': password} if password else None
-    logger.debug(f"{log_prefix}: Restoring MySQL database {data_source['name']}{dry_run_label}")
+    logger.debug(f"{log_prefix}: Restoring MySQL database {database['name']}{dry_run_label}")
    if dry_run:
        return
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/ntfy.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/ntfy.py
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 def initialize_monitor(
-    ping_url, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
+    ping_url, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    No initialization is necessary for this monitor.
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ def initialize_monitor(
    pass
-def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
+def ping_monitor(hook_config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
    Ping the configured Ntfy topic. Use the given configuration filename in any log entries.
    If this is a dry run, then don't actually ping anything.
@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_lev
        state_config = hook_config.get(
            state.name.lower(),
            {
-                'title': f'A borgmatic {state.name} event happened',
+                'title': f'A Borgmatic {state.name} event happened',
-                'message': f'A borgmatic {state.name} event happened',
+                'message': f'A Borgmatic {state.name} event happened',
                'priority': 'default',
                'tags': 'borgmatic',
            },
@ -50,16 +50,9 @@ def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_lev
        username = hook_config.get('username')
        password = hook_config.get('password')
        access_token = hook_config.get('access_token')
        auth = None
-        if access_token is not None:
+        auth = None
-            if username or password:
+        if (username and password) is not None:
                logger.warning(
                    f'{config_filename}: ntfy access_token is set but so is username/password, only using access_token'
                )
            auth = requests.auth.HTTPBasicAuth('', access_token)
        elif (username and password) is not None:
            auth = requests.auth.HTTPBasicAuth(username, password)
            logger.info(f'{config_filename}: Using basic auth with user {username} for ntfy')
        elif username is not None:
@ -82,7 +75,7 @@ def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_lev
 def destroy_monitor(
-    ping_url_or_uuid, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
+    ping_url_or_uuid, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    No destruction is necessary for this monitor.
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/pagerduty.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/pagerduty.py
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ EVENTS_API_URL = 'https://events.pagerduty.com/v2/enqueue'
 def initialize_monitor(
-    integration_key, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
+    integration_key, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    No initialization is necessary for this monitor.
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def initialize_monitor(
    pass
-def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
+def ping_monitor(hook_config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
    If this is an error state, create a PagerDuty event with the configured integration key. Use
    the given configuration filename in any log entries. If this is a dry run, then don't actually
@ -40,7 +40,9 @@ def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_lev
        return
    hostname = platform.node()
-    local_timestamp = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc).astimezone().isoformat()
+    local_timestamp = (
        datetime.datetime.utcnow().replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc).astimezone().isoformat()
    )
    payload = json.dumps(
        {
            'routing_key': hook_config['integration_key'],
@ -73,7 +75,7 @@ def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_lev
 def destroy_monitor(
-    ping_url_or_uuid, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
+    ping_url_or_uuid, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    No destruction is necessary for this monitor.
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/postgresql.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/postgresql.py
@ -14,19 +14,19 @@ from borgmatic.hooks import dump
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-def make_dump_path(config):  # pragma: no cover
+def make_dump_path(location_config):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
-    Make the dump path from the given configuration dict and the name of this hook.
+    Make the dump path from the given location configuration and the name of this hook.
    '''
-    return dump.make_data_source_dump_path(
+    return dump.make_database_dump_path(
-        config.get('borgmatic_source_directory'), 'postgresql_databases'
+        location_config.get('borgmatic_source_directory'), 'postgresql_databases'
    )
 def make_extra_environment(database, restore_connection_params=None):
    '''
-    Make the extra_environment dict from the given database configuration. If restore connection
+    Make the extra_environment dict from the given database configuration.
-    params are given, this is for a restore operation.
+    If restore connection params are given, this is for a restore operation.
    '''
    extra = dict()
@ -40,8 +40,7 @@ def make_extra_environment(database, restore_connection_params=None):
    except (AttributeError, KeyError):
        pass
-    if 'ssl_mode' in database:
+    extra['PGSSLMODE'] = database.get('ssl_mode', 'disable')
        extra['PGSSLMODE'] = database['ssl_mode']
    if 'ssl_cert' in database:
        extra['PGSSLCERT'] = database['ssl_cert']
    if 'ssl_key' in database:
@ -50,7 +49,6 @@ def make_extra_environment(database, restore_connection_params=None):
        extra['PGSSLROOTCERT'] = database['ssl_root_cert']
    if 'ssl_crl' in database:
        extra['PGSSLCRL'] = database['ssl_crl']
    return extra
@ -73,11 +71,9 @@ def database_names_to_dump(database, extra_environment, log_prefix, dry_run):
    if dry_run:
        return ()
-    psql_command = tuple(
+    psql_command = shlex.split(database.get('psql_command') or 'psql')
        shlex.quote(part) for part in shlex.split(database.get('psql_command') or 'psql')
    )
    list_command = (
-        psql_command
+        tuple(psql_command)
        + ('--list', '--no-password', '--no-psqlrc', '--csv', '--tuples-only')
        + (('--host', database['hostname']) if 'hostname' in database else ())
        + (('--port', str(database['port'])) if 'port' in database else ())
@ -96,20 +92,12 @@ def database_names_to_dump(database, extra_environment, log_prefix, dry_run):
    )
-def use_streaming(databases, config, log_prefix):
+def dump_databases(databases, log_prefix, location_config, dry_run):
    '''
    Given a sequence of PostgreSQL database configuration dicts, a configuration dict (ignored), and
    a log prefix (ignored), return whether streaming will be using during dumps.
    '''
    return any(database.get('format') != 'directory' for database in databases)
 def dump_data_sources(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):
    '''
    Dump the given PostgreSQL databases to a named pipe. The databases are supplied as a sequence of
-    dicts, one dict describing each database as per the configuration schema. Use the given
+    dicts, one dict describing each database as per the configuration schema. Use the given log
-    configuration dict to construct the destination path and the given log prefix in any log
+    prefix in any log entries. Use the given location configuration dict to construct the
-    entries.
+    destination path.
    Return a sequence of subprocess.Popen instances for the dump processes ready to spew to a named
    pipe. But if this is a dry run, then don't actually dump anything and return an empty sequence.
@ -123,7 +111,7 @@ def dump_data_sources(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):
    for database in databases:
        extra_environment = make_extra_environment(database)
-        dump_path = make_dump_path(config)
+        dump_path = make_dump_path(location_config)
        dump_database_names = database_names_to_dump(
            database, extra_environment, log_prefix, dry_run
        )
@ -137,11 +125,8 @@ def dump_data_sources(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):
        for database_name in dump_database_names:
            dump_format = database.get('format', None if database_name == 'all' else 'custom')
            default_dump_command = 'pg_dumpall' if database_name == 'all' else 'pg_dump'
-            dump_command = tuple(
+            dump_command = database.get('pg_dump_command') or default_dump_command
-                shlex.quote(part)
+            dump_filename = dump.make_database_dump_filename(
                for part in shlex.split(database.get('pg_dump_command') or default_dump_command)
            )
            dump_filename = dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
                dump_path, database_name, database.get('hostname')
            )
            if os.path.exists(dump_filename):
@ -151,32 +136,24 @@ def dump_data_sources(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):
                continue
            command = (
-                dump_command
+                (
-                + (
+                    dump_command,
                    '--no-password',
                    '--clean',
                    '--if-exists',
                )
-                + (('--host', shlex.quote(database['hostname'])) if 'hostname' in database else ())
+                + (('--host', database['hostname']) if 'hostname' in database else ())
-                + (('--port', shlex.quote(str(database['port']))) if 'port' in database else ())
+                + (('--port', str(database['port'])) if 'port' in database else ())
-                + (
+                + (('--username', database['username']) if 'username' in database else ())
                    ('--username', shlex.quote(database['username']))
                    if 'username' in database
                    else ()
                )
                + (('--no-owner',) if database.get('no_owner', False) else ())
-                + (('--format', shlex.quote(dump_format)) if dump_format else ())
+                + (('--format', dump_format) if dump_format else ())
-                + (('--file', shlex.quote(dump_filename)) if dump_format == 'directory' else ())
+                + (('--file', dump_filename) if dump_format == 'directory' else ())
-                + (
+                + (tuple(database['options'].split(' ')) if 'options' in database else ())
-                    tuple(shlex.quote(option) for option in database['options'].split(' '))
+                + (() if database_name == 'all' else (database_name,))
                    if 'options' in database
                    else ()
                )
                + (() if database_name == 'all' else (shlex.quote(database_name),))
                # Use shell redirection rather than the --file flag to sidestep synchronization issues
                # when pg_dump/pg_dumpall tries to write to a named pipe. But for the directory dump
                # format in a particular, a named destination is required, and redirection doesn't work.
-                + (('>', shlex.quote(dump_filename)) if dump_format != 'directory' else ())
+                + (('>', dump_filename) if dump_format != 'directory' else ())
            )
            logger.debug(
@ -206,33 +183,35 @@ def dump_data_sources(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):
    return processes
-def remove_data_source_dumps(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):  # pragma: no cover
+def remove_database_dumps(databases, log_prefix, location_config, dry_run):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
-    Remove all database dump files for this hook regardless of the given databases. Use the given
+    Remove all database dump files for this hook regardless of the given databases. Use the log
-    configuration dict to construct the destination path and the log prefix in any log entries. If
+    prefix in any log entries. Use the given location configuration dict to construct the
-    this is a dry run, then don't actually remove anything.
+    destination path. If this is a dry run, then don't actually remove anything.
    '''
-    dump.remove_data_source_dumps(make_dump_path(config), 'PostgreSQL', log_prefix, dry_run)
+    dump.remove_database_dumps(make_dump_path(location_config), 'PostgreSQL', log_prefix, dry_run)
-def make_data_source_dump_pattern(databases, config, log_prefix, name=None):  # pragma: no cover
+def make_database_dump_pattern(
    databases, log_prefix, location_config, name=None
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
-    Given a sequence of configurations dicts, a configuration dict, a prefix to log with, and a
+    Given a sequence of configurations dicts, a prefix to log with, a location configuration dict,
-    database name to match, return the corresponding glob patterns to match the database dump in an
+    and a database name to match, return the corresponding glob patterns to match the database dump
-    archive.
+    in an archive.
    '''
-    return dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(make_dump_path(config), name, hostname='*')
+    return dump.make_database_dump_filename(make_dump_path(location_config), name, hostname='*')
-def restore_data_source_dump(
+def restore_database_dump(
-    hook_config, config, log_prefix, data_source, dry_run, extract_process, connection_params
+    database_config, log_prefix, location_config, dry_run, extract_process, connection_params
 ):
    '''
-    Restore a database from the given extract stream. The database is supplied as a data source
+    Restore the given PostgreSQL database from an extract stream. The database is supplied as a
-    configuration dict, but the given hook configuration is ignored. The given configuration dict is
+    one-element sequence containing a dict describing the database, as per the configuration schema.
-    used to construct the destination path, and the given log prefix is used for any log entries. If
+    Use the given log prefix in any log entries. If this is a dry run, then don't actually restore
-    this is a dry run, then don't actually restore anything. Trigger the given active extract
+    anything. Trigger the given active extract process (an instance of subprocess.Popen) to produce
-    process (an instance of subprocess.Popen) to produce output to consume.
+    output to consume.
    If the extract process is None, then restore the dump from the filesystem rather than from an
    extract stream.
@ -241,71 +220,60 @@ def restore_data_source_dump(
    hostname, port, username, and password.
    '''
    dry_run_label = ' (dry run; not actually restoring anything)' if dry_run else ''
-    hostname = connection_params['hostname'] or data_source.get(
+
-        'restore_hostname', data_source.get('hostname')
+    if len(database_config) != 1:
        raise ValueError('The database configuration value is invalid')
    database = database_config[0]
    hostname = connection_params['hostname'] or database.get(
        'restore_hostname', database.get('hostname')
    )
-    port = str(
+    port = str(connection_params['port'] or database.get('restore_port', database.get('port', '')))
-        connection_params['port'] or data_source.get('restore_port', data_source.get('port', ''))
+    username = connection_params['username'] or database.get(
-    )
+        'restore_username', database.get('username')
    username = connection_params['username'] or data_source.get(
        'restore_username', data_source.get('username')
    )
-    all_databases = bool(data_source['name'] == 'all')
+    all_databases = bool(database['name'] == 'all')
-    dump_filename = dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
+    dump_filename = dump.make_database_dump_filename(
-        make_dump_path(config), data_source['name'], data_source.get('hostname')
+        make_dump_path(location_config), database['name'], database.get('hostname')
    )
    psql_command = tuple(
        shlex.quote(part) for part in shlex.split(data_source.get('psql_command') or 'psql')
    )
    psql_command = shlex.split(database.get('psql_command') or 'psql')
    analyze_command = (
-        psql_command
+        tuple(psql_command)
        + ('--no-password', '--no-psqlrc', '--quiet')
        + (('--host', hostname) if hostname else ())
        + (('--port', port) if port else ())
        + (('--username', username) if username else ())
-        + (('--dbname', data_source['name']) if not all_databases else ())
+        + (('--dbname', database['name']) if not all_databases else ())
-        + (
+        + (tuple(database['analyze_options'].split(' ')) if 'analyze_options' in database else ())
            tuple(data_source['analyze_options'].split(' '))
            if 'analyze_options' in data_source
            else ()
        )
        + ('--command', 'ANALYZE')
    )
-    use_psql_command = all_databases or data_source.get('format') == 'plain'
+    use_psql_command = all_databases or database.get('format') == 'plain'
-    pg_restore_command = tuple(
+    pg_restore_command = shlex.split(database.get('pg_restore_command') or 'pg_restore')
        shlex.quote(part)
        for part in shlex.split(data_source.get('pg_restore_command') or 'pg_restore')
    )
    restore_command = (
-        (psql_command if use_psql_command else pg_restore_command)
+        tuple(psql_command if use_psql_command else pg_restore_command)
        + ('--no-password',)
        + (('--no-psqlrc',) if use_psql_command else ('--if-exists', '--exit-on-error', '--clean'))
-        + (('--dbname', data_source['name']) if not all_databases else ())
+        + (('--dbname', database['name']) if not all_databases else ())
        + (('--host', hostname) if hostname else ())
        + (('--port', port) if port else ())
        + (('--username', username) if username else ())
-        + (('--no-owner',) if data_source.get('no_owner', False) else ())
+        + (('--no-owner',) if database.get('no_owner', False) else ())
-        + (
+        + (tuple(database['restore_options'].split(' ')) if 'restore_options' in database else ())
            tuple(data_source['restore_options'].split(' '))
            if 'restore_options' in data_source
            else ()
        )
        + (() if extract_process else (dump_filename,))
        + tuple(
-            itertools.chain.from_iterable(('--schema', schema) for schema in data_source['schemas'])
+            itertools.chain.from_iterable(('--schema', schema) for schema in database['schemas'])
-            if data_source.get('schemas')
+            if database['schemas']
            else ()
        )
    )
    extra_environment = make_extra_environment(
-        data_source, restore_connection_params=connection_params
+        database, restore_connection_params=connection_params
    )
-    logger.debug(
+    logger.debug(f"{log_prefix}: Restoring PostgreSQL database {database['name']}{dry_run_label}")
        f"{log_prefix}: Restoring PostgreSQL database {data_source['name']}{dry_run_label}"
    )
    if dry_run:
        return
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/sqlite.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/sqlite.py
@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import logging
 import os
 import shlex
 from borgmatic.execute import execute_command, execute_command_with_processes
 from borgmatic.hooks import dump
@ -8,31 +7,21 @@ from borgmatic.hooks import dump
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-def make_dump_path(config):  # pragma: no cover
+def make_dump_path(location_config):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
-    Make the dump path from the given configuration dict and the name of this hook.
+    Make the dump path from the given location configuration and the name of this hook.
    '''
-    return dump.make_data_source_dump_path(
+    return dump.make_database_dump_path(
-        config.get('borgmatic_source_directory'), 'sqlite_databases'
+        location_config.get('borgmatic_source_directory'), 'sqlite_databases'
    )
-def use_streaming(databases, config, log_prefix):
+def dump_databases(databases, log_prefix, location_config, dry_run):
    '''
-    Given a sequence of SQLite database configuration dicts, a configuration dict (ignored), and a
+    Dump the given SQLite3 databases to a file. The databases are supplied as a sequence of
-    log prefix (ignored), return whether streaming will be using during dumps.
+    configuration dicts, as per the configuration schema. Use the given log prefix in any log
-    '''
+    entries. Use the given location configuration dict to construct the destination path. If this
-    return any(databases)
+    is a dry run, then don't actually dump anything.
 def dump_data_sources(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):
    '''
    Dump the given SQLite databases to a named pipe. The databases are supplied as a sequence of
    configuration dicts, as per the configuration schema. Use the given configuration dict to
    construct the destination path and the given log prefix in any log entries.
    Return a sequence of subprocess.Popen instances for the dump processes ready to spew to a named
    pipe. But if this is a dry run, then don't actually dump anything and return an empty sequence.
    '''
    dry_run_label = ' (dry run; not actually dumping anything)' if dry_run else ''
    processes = []
@ -43,15 +32,14 @@ def dump_data_sources(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):
        database_path = database['path']
        if database['name'] == 'all':
-            logger.warning('The "all" database name has no meaning for SQLite databases')
+            logger.warning('The "all" database name has no meaning for SQLite3 databases')
        if not os.path.exists(database_path):
            logger.warning(
-                f'{log_prefix}: No SQLite database at {database_path}; an empty database will be created and dumped'
+                f'{log_prefix}: No SQLite database at {database_path}; An empty database will be created and dumped'
            )
-        dump_path = make_dump_path(config)
+        dump_path = make_dump_path(location_config)
-        dump_filename = dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(dump_path, database['name'])
+        dump_filename = dump.make_database_dump_filename(dump_path, database['name'])
        if os.path.exists(dump_filename):
            logger.warning(
                f'{log_prefix}: Skipping duplicate dump of SQLite database at {database_path} to {dump_filename}'
@ -60,10 +48,10 @@ def dump_data_sources(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):
        command = (
            'sqlite3',
-            shlex.quote(database_path),
+            database_path,
            '.dump',
            '>',
-            shlex.quote(dump_filename),
+            dump_filename,
        )
        logger.debug(
            f'{log_prefix}: Dumping SQLite database at {database_path} to {dump_filename}{dry_run_label}'
@ -71,43 +59,49 @@ def dump_data_sources(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):
        if dry_run:
            continue
-        dump.create_named_pipe_for_dump(dump_filename)
+        dump.create_parent_directory_for_dump(dump_filename)
        processes.append(execute_command(command, shell=True, run_to_completion=False))
    return processes
-def remove_data_source_dumps(databases, config, log_prefix, dry_run):  # pragma: no cover
+def remove_database_dumps(databases, log_prefix, location_config, dry_run):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
-    Remove the given SQLite database dumps from the filesystem. The databases are supplied as a
+    Remove the given SQLite3 database dumps from the filesystem. The databases are supplied as a
-    sequence of configuration dicts, as per the configuration schema. Use the given configuration
+    sequence of configuration dicts, as per the configuration schema. Use the given log prefix in
-    dict to construct the destination path and the given log prefix in any log entries. If this is a
+    any log entries. Use the given location configuration dict to construct the destination path.
-    dry run, then don't actually remove anything.
+    If this is a dry run, then don't actually remove anything.
    '''
-    dump.remove_data_source_dumps(make_dump_path(config), 'SQLite', log_prefix, dry_run)
+    dump.remove_database_dumps(make_dump_path(location_config), 'SQLite', log_prefix, dry_run)
-def make_data_source_dump_pattern(databases, config, log_prefix, name=None):  # pragma: no cover
+def make_database_dump_pattern(
    databases, log_prefix, location_config, name=None
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
-    Make a pattern that matches the given SQLite databases. The databases are supplied as a sequence
+    Make a pattern that matches the given SQLite3 databases. The databases are supplied as a
-    of configuration dicts, as per the configuration schema.
+    sequence of configuration dicts, as per the configuration schema.
    '''
-    return dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(make_dump_path(config), name)
+    return dump.make_database_dump_filename(make_dump_path(location_config), name)
-def restore_data_source_dump(
+def restore_database_dump(
-    hook_config, config, log_prefix, data_source, dry_run, extract_process, connection_params
+    database_config, log_prefix, location_config, dry_run, extract_process, connection_params
 ):
    '''
-    Restore a database from the given extract stream. The database is supplied as a data source
+    Restore the given SQLite3 database from an extract stream. The database is supplied as a
-    configuration dict, but the given hook configuration is ignored. The given configuration dict is
+    one-element sequence containing a dict describing the database, as per the configuration schema.
-    used to construct the destination path, and the given log prefix is used for any log entries. If
+    Use the given log prefix in any log entries. If this is a dry run, then don't actually restore
-    this is a dry run, then don't actually restore anything. Trigger the given active extract
+    anything. Trigger the given active extract process (an instance of subprocess.Popen) to produce
-    process (an instance of subprocess.Popen) to produce output to consume.
+    output to consume.
    '''
    dry_run_label = ' (dry run; not actually restoring anything)' if dry_run else ''
-    database_path = connection_params['restore_path'] or data_source.get(
+
-        'restore_path', data_source.get('path')
+    if len(database_config) != 1:
        raise ValueError('The database configuration value is invalid')
    database_path = connection_params['restore_path'] or database_config[0].get(
        'restore_path', database_config[0].get('path')
    )
    logger.debug(f'{log_prefix}: Restoring SQLite database at {database_path}{dry_run_label}')
--- a/borgmatic/logger.py
+++ b/borgmatic/logger.py
@ -41,9 +41,6 @@ def should_do_markup(no_color, configs):
    if any(config.get('output', {}).get('color') is False for config in configs.values()):
        return False
    if os.environ.get('NO_COLOR', None):
        return False
    py_colors = os.environ.get('PY_COLORS', None)
    if py_colors is not None:
@ -88,11 +85,6 @@ class Multi_stream_handler(logging.Handler):
            handler.setLevel(level)
 class Console_no_color_formatter(logging.Formatter):
    def format(self, record):  # pragma: no cover
        return record.msg
 class Console_color_formatter(logging.Formatter):
    def format(self, record):
        add_custom_log_levels()
@ -167,23 +159,22 @@ def configure_logging(
    monitoring_log_level=None,
    log_file=None,
    log_file_format=None,
    color_enabled=True,
 ):
    '''
    Configure logging to go to both the console and (syslog or log file). Use the given log levels,
-    respectively. If color is enabled, set up log formatting accordingly.
+    respectively.
    Raise FileNotFoundError or PermissionError if the log file could not be opened for writing.
    '''
    add_custom_log_levels()
    if syslog_log_level is None:
-        syslog_log_level = logging.DISABLED
+        syslog_log_level = console_log_level
    if log_file_log_level is None:
        log_file_log_level = console_log_level
    if monitoring_log_level is None:
        monitoring_log_level = console_log_level
    add_custom_log_levels()
    # Log certain log levels to console stderr and others to stdout. This supports use cases like
    # grepping (non-error) output.
    console_disabled = logging.NullHandler()
@ -200,19 +191,11 @@ def configure_logging(
            logging.DEBUG: console_standard_handler,
        }
    )
-
+    console_handler.setFormatter(Console_color_formatter())
    if color_enabled:
        console_handler.setFormatter(Console_color_formatter())
    else:
        console_handler.setFormatter(Console_no_color_formatter())
    console_handler.setLevel(console_log_level)
-    handlers = [console_handler]
+    syslog_path = None
-
+    if log_file is None and syslog_log_level != logging.DISABLED:
    if syslog_log_level != logging.DISABLED:
        syslog_path = None
        if os.path.exists('/dev/log'):
            syslog_path = '/dev/log'
        elif os.path.exists('/var/run/syslog'):
@ -220,15 +203,14 @@ def configure_logging(
        elif os.path.exists('/var/run/log'):
            syslog_path = '/var/run/log'
-        if syslog_path:
+    if syslog_path and not interactive_console():
-            syslog_handler = logging.handlers.SysLogHandler(address=syslog_path)
+        syslog_handler = logging.handlers.SysLogHandler(address=syslog_path)
-            syslog_handler.setFormatter(
+        syslog_handler.setFormatter(
-                logging.Formatter('borgmatic: {levelname} {message}', style='{')  # noqa: FS003
+            logging.Formatter('borgmatic: {levelname} {message}', style='{')  # noqa: FS003
-            )
+        )
-            syslog_handler.setLevel(syslog_log_level)
+        syslog_handler.setLevel(syslog_log_level)
-            handlers.append(syslog_handler)
+        handlers = (console_handler, syslog_handler)
-
+    elif log_file and log_file_log_level != logging.DISABLED:
    if log_file and log_file_log_level != logging.DISABLED:
        file_handler = logging.handlers.WatchedFileHandler(log_file)
        file_handler.setFormatter(
            logging.Formatter(
@ -236,9 +218,11 @@ def configure_logging(
            )
        )
        file_handler.setLevel(log_file_log_level)
-        handlers.append(file_handler)
+        handlers = (console_handler, file_handler)
    else:
        handlers = (console_handler,)
    logging.basicConfig(
-        level=min(handler.level for handler in handlers),
+        level=min(console_log_level, syslog_log_level, log_file_log_level, monitoring_log_level),
        handlers=handlers,
    )
--- a/borgmatic/signals.py
+++ b/borgmatic/signals.py
@ -23,20 +23,12 @@ def handle_signal(signal_number, frame):
    if signal_number == signal.SIGTERM:
        logger.critical('Exiting due to TERM signal')
        sys.exit(EXIT_CODE_FROM_SIGNAL + signal.SIGTERM)
    elif signal_number == signal.SIGINT:
        raise KeyboardInterrupt()
 def configure_signals():
    '''
    Configure borgmatic's signal handlers to pass relevant signals through to any child processes
-    like Borg.
+    like Borg. Note that SIGINT gets passed through even without these changes.
    '''
-    for signal_number in (
+    for signal_number in (signal.SIGHUP, signal.SIGTERM, signal.SIGUSR1, signal.SIGUSR2):
        signal.SIGHUP,
        signal.SIGINT,
        signal.SIGTERM,
        signal.SIGUSR1,
        signal.SIGUSR2,
    ):
        signal.signal(signal_number, handle_signal)
--- a/docs/SECURITY.md
+++ b/docs/SECURITY.md
@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ each.
 If you find a security vulnerability, please [file a
 ticket](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/#issues) or [send email
 directly](mailto:witten@torsion.org) as appropriate. You should expect to hear
-back within a few days at most and generally sooner.
+back within a few days at most, and generally sooner.
--- a/docs/_data/borgmatic.js
+++ b/docs/_data/borgmatic.js
@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
 module.exports = function() {
    return {
        environment: process.env.NODE_ENV || "development"
    };
 };
--- a/docs/_includes/components/suggestion-link.html
+++ b/docs/_includes/components/suggestion-link.html
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <h2>Improve this documentation</h2>
 <p>Have an idea on how to make this documentation even better? Use our <a
-href="https://torsion.org/borgmatic/#support-and-contributing">issue
+href="https://projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic/issues">issue tracker</a> to send your
-tracker</a> to send your feedback!</p>
+feedback!</p>
--- a/docs/_includes/components/toc.css
+++ b/docs/_includes/components/toc.css
@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 	font-size: 1rem; /* Reset */
 }
 .elv-toc details {
-	--details-force-closed: (max-width: 79.9375em); /* 1023px */
+	--details-force-closed: (max-width: 63.9375em); /* 1023px */
 }
 .elv-toc details > summary {
 	font-size: 1.375rem; /* 22px /16 */
 	margin-bottom: .5em;
 }
-@media (min-width: 80em) {
+@media (min-width: 64em) { /* 1024px */
 	.elv-toc {
 		position: absolute;
 		left: 3rem;
--- a/docs/_includes/index.css
+++ b/docs/_includes/index.css
@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ main h1:first-child,
 main .elv-toc + h1 {
 	border-bottom: 2px dotted #666;
 }
-@media (min-width: 80em) {
+@media (min-width: 64em) { /* 1024px */
 	main .elv-toc + h1,
 	main .elv-toc + h2 {
 		margin-top: 0;
@ -243,10 +243,10 @@ footer.elv-layout {
 .elv-layout-full {
 	max-width: none;
 }
-@media (min-width: 80em) {
+@media (min-width: 64em) { /* 1024px */
 	.elv-layout-toc {
 		padding-left: 15rem;
-		max-width: 76rem;
+		max-width: 60rem;
 		margin-right: 1rem;
 		position: relative;
 	}
--- a/docs/_includes/layouts/main.njk
+++ b/docs/_includes/layouts/main.njk
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ headerClass: elv-header-default
            {% set navPages = collections.all | eleventyNavigation %}
            {% macro renderNavListItem(entry) -%}
            <li{% if entry.url == page.url %} class="elv-toc-active"{% endif %}>
-              <a {% if entry.url %}href="{% if borgmatic.environment == "production" %}https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs{% else %}http://localhost:8080/docs{% endif %}{{ entry.url | url }}"{% endif %}>{{ entry.title }}</a>
+              <a {% if entry.url %}href="https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs{{ entry.url | url }}"{% endif %}>{{ entry.title }}</a>
            {%- if entry.children.length -%}
              <ul>
                {%- for child in entry.children %}{{ renderNavListItem(child) }}{% endfor -%}
--- a/docs/docker-compose.yaml
+++ b/docs/docker-compose.yaml
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 version: '3'
 services:
  docs:
    image: borgmatic-docs
@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ services:
      dockerfile: docs/Dockerfile
      context: ..
      args:
-        ENVIRONMENT: development
+        ENVIRONMENT: dev
  message:
    image: alpine
    container_name: message
--- a/docs/how-to/add-preparation-and-cleanup-steps-to-backups.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/add-preparation-and-cleanup-steps-to-backups.md
@ -17,14 +17,15 @@ feature](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/backup-your-databases/)
 instead.
 You can specify `before_backup` hooks to perform preparation steps before
-running backups and specify `after_backup` hooks to perform cleanup steps
+running backups, and specify `after_backup` hooks to perform cleanup steps
 afterwards. Here's an example:
 ```yaml
-before_backup:
+hooks:
-    - mount /some/filesystem
+    before_backup:
-after_backup:
+        - mount /some/filesystem
-    - umount /some/filesystem
+    after_backup:
        - umount /some/filesystem
 ```
 If your command contains a special YAML character such as a colon, you may
@ -32,23 +33,11 @@ need to quote the entire string (or use a [multiline
 string](https://yaml-multiline.info/)) to avoid an error:
 ```yaml
-before_backup:
+hooks:
-    - "echo Backup: start"
+    before_backup:
        - "echo Backup: start"
 ```
 There are additional hooks that run before/after other actions as well. For
 instance, `before_prune` runs before a `prune` action for a repository, while
 `after_prune` runs after it.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
 these options in the `hooks:` section of your configuration.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.7.0</span> The
 `before_actions` and `after_actions` hooks run before/after all the actions
 (like `create`, `prune`, etc.) for each repository. These hooks are a good
 place to run per-repository steps like mounting/unmounting a remote
 filesystem.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.6.0</span> The
 `before_backup` and `after_backup` hooks each run once per repository in a
 configuration file. `before_backup` hooks runs right before the `create`
@ -57,6 +46,16 @@ but not if an error occurs in a previous hook or in the backups themselves.
 (Prior to borgmatic 1.6.0, these hooks instead ran once per configuration file
 rather than once per repository.)
 There are additional hooks that run before/after other actions as well. For
 instance, `before_prune` runs before a `prune` action for a repository, while
 `after_prune` runs after it.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.7.0</span> The
 `before_actions` and `after_actions` hooks run before/after all the actions
 (like `create`, `prune`, etc.) for each repository. These hooks are a good
 place to run per-repository steps like mounting/unmounting a remote
 filesystem.
 ## Variable interpolation
@ -65,13 +64,11 @@ variables into the hook command. Here's an example that assumes you provide a
 separate shell script:
 ```yaml
-after_prune:
+hooks:
-    - record-prune.sh "{configuration_filename}" "{repository}"
+    after_prune:
        - record-prune.sh "{configuration_filename}" "{repository}"
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
 this option in the `hooks:` section of your configuration.
 In this example, when the hook is triggered, borgmatic interpolates runtime
 values into the hook command: the borgmatic configuration filename and the
 paths of the current Borg repository. Here's the full set of supported
@ -84,9 +81,6 @@ variables you can use here:
   path of the borgmatic log file, only set when the `--log-file` flag is used
 * `repository`: path of the current repository as configured in the current
   borgmatic configuration file
 * `repository_label` <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version
   1.8.12</span>: label of the current repository as configured in the current
   borgmatic configuration file
 Note that you can also interpolate in [arbitrary environment
 variables](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/provide-your-passwords/).
@ -98,15 +92,13 @@ You can also use `before_everything` and `after_everything` hooks to perform
 global setup or cleanup:
 ```yaml
-before_everything:
+hooks:
-    - set-up-stuff-globally
+    before_everything:
-after_everything:
+        - set-up-stuff-globally
-    - clean-up-stuff-globally
+    after_everything:
        - clean-up-stuff-globally
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
 these options in the `hooks:` section of your configuration.
 `before_everything` hooks collected from all borgmatic configuration files run
 once before all configuration files (prior to all actions), but only if there
 is a `create` action. An error encountered during a `before_everything` hook
@ -117,7 +109,6 @@ but only if there is a `create` action. It runs even if an error occurs during
 a backup or a backup hook, but not if an error occurs during a
 `before_everything` hook.
 ## Error hooks
 borgmatic also runs `on_error` hooks if an error occurs, either when creating
@ -125,15 +116,13 @@ a backup or running a backup hook. See the [monitoring and alerting
 documentation](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/)
 for more information.
 ## Hook output
 Any output produced by your hooks shows up both at the console and in syslog
-(when enabled). For more information, read about <a
+(when run in a non-interactive console). For more information, read about <a
 href="https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/inspect-your-backups/">inspecting
 your backups</a>.
 ## Security
 An important security note about hooks: borgmatic executes all hook commands
--- a/docs/how-to/backup-to-a-removable-drive-or-an-intermittent-server.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/backup-to-a-removable-drive-or-an-intermittent-server.md
@ -44,16 +44,14 @@ file](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/make-per-application-backups/),
 say at `/etc/borgmatic.d/removable.yaml`:
 ```yaml
-source_directories:
+location:
-    - /home
+    source_directories:
        - /home
-repositories:
+    repositories:
-    - path: /mnt/removable/backup.borg
+        - path: /mnt/removable/backup.borg
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
 these options in the `location:` section of your configuration.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.7.10</span> Omit
 the `path:` portion of the `repositories` list.
@ -62,13 +60,11 @@ the external `findmnt` utility to see whether the drive is mounted before
 proceeding.
 ```yaml
-before_backup:
+hooks:
-    - findmnt /mnt/removable > /dev/null || exit 75
+    before_backup:
      - findmnt /mnt/removable > /dev/null || exit 75
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put this
 option in the `hooks:` section of your configuration.
 What this does is check if the `findmnt` command errors when probing for a
 particular mount point. If it does error, then it returns exit code 75 to
 borgmatic. borgmatic logs the soft failure, skips all further actions in that
@ -81,21 +77,27 @@ optionally using `before_actions` instead.
 You can imagine a similar check for the sometimes-online server case:
 ```yaml
-source_directories:
+location:
-    - /home
+    source_directories:
        - /home
-repositories:
+    repositories:
-    - path: ssh://me@buddys-server.org/./backup.borg
+        - path: ssh://me@buddys-server.org/./backup.borg
-before_backup:
+hooks:
-    - ping -q -c 1 buddys-server.org > /dev/null || exit 75
+    before_backup:
      - ping -q -c 1 buddys-server.org > /dev/null || exit 75
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.7.10</span> Omit
 the `path:` portion of the `repositories` list.
 Or to only run backups if the battery level is high enough:
 ```yaml
-before_backup:
+hooks:
-    - is_battery_percent_at_least.sh 25
+    before_backup:
      - is_battery_percent_at_least.sh 25
 ```
 (Writing the battery script is left as an exercise to the reader.)
--- a/docs/how-to/backup-your-databases.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/backup-your-databases.md
@ -15,45 +15,34 @@ consistent snapshot that is more suited for backups.
 Fortunately, borgmatic includes built-in support for creating database dumps
 prior to running backups. For example, here is everything you need to dump and
-backup a couple of local PostgreSQL databases and a MySQL database.
+backup a couple of local PostgreSQL databases and a MySQL/MariaDB database.
 ```yaml
-postgresql_databases:
+hooks:
-    - name: users
+    postgresql_databases:
-    - name: orders
+        - name: users
-mysql_databases:
+        - name: orders
-    - name: posts
+    mysql_databases:
        - name: posts
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
 these and other database options in the `hooks:` section of your
 configuration.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.5.22</span> You can
 also dump MongoDB databases. For example:
 ```yaml
-mongodb_databases:
+hooks:
-    - name: messages
+    mongodb_databases:
        - name: messages
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.7.9</span>
 Additionally, you can dump SQLite databases. For example:
 ```yaml
-sqlite_databases:
+hooks:
-    - name: mydb
+    sqlite_databases:
-      path: /var/lib/sqlite3/mydb.sqlite
+        - name: mydb
-```
+          path: /var/lib/sqlite3/mydb.sqlite
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.8.2</span> If you're
 using MariaDB, use the MariaDB database hook instead of `mysql_databases:` as
 the MariaDB hook calls native MariaDB commands instead of the deprecated MySQL
 ones. For instance:
 ```yaml
 mariadb_databases:
    - name: comments
 ```
 As part of each backup, borgmatic streams a database dump for each configured
@ -65,7 +54,7 @@ temporary disk space.)
 To support this, borgmatic creates temporary named pipes in `~/.borgmatic` by
 default. To customize this path, set the `borgmatic_source_directory` option
-in borgmatic's configuration.
+in the `location` section of borgmatic's configuration.
 Also note that using a database hook implicitly enables both the
 `read_special` and `one_file_system` configuration settings (even if they're
@ -75,41 +64,35 @@ See Limitations below for more on this.
 Here's a more involved example that connects to remote databases:
 ```yaml
-postgresql_databases:
+hooks:
-    - name: users
+    postgresql_databases:
-      hostname: database1.example.org
+        - name: users
-    - name: orders
+          hostname: database1.example.org
-      hostname: database2.example.org
+        - name: orders
-      port: 5433
+          hostname: database2.example.org
-      username: postgres
+          port: 5433
-      password: trustsome1
+          username: postgres
-      format: tar
+          password: trustsome1
-      options: "--role=someone"
+          format: tar
-mariadb_databases:
+          options: "--role=someone"
-    - name: photos
+    mysql_databases:
-      hostname: database3.example.org
+        - name: posts
-      port: 3307
+          hostname: database3.example.org
-      username: root
+          port: 3307
-      password: trustsome1
+          username: root
-      options: "--skip-comments"
+          password: trustsome1
-mysql_databases:
+          options: "--skip-comments"
-    - name: posts
+    mongodb_databases:
-      hostname: database4.example.org
+        - name: messages
-      port: 3307
+          hostname: database4.example.org
-      username: root
+          port: 27018
-      password: trustsome1
+          username: dbuser
-      options: "--skip-comments"
+          password: trustsome1
-mongodb_databases:
+          authentication_database: mongousers
-    - name: messages
+          options: "--ssl"
-      hostname: database5.example.org
+    sqlite_databases:
-      port: 27018
+        - name: mydb
-      username: dbuser
+          path: /var/lib/sqlite3/mydb.sqlite
      password: trustsome1
      authentication_database: mongousers
      options: "--ssl"
 sqlite_databases:
    - name: mydb
      path: /var/lib/sqlite3/mydb.sqlite
 ```
 See your [borgmatic configuration
@ -123,14 +106,13 @@ listing databases, restoring databases, etc.).
 If you want to dump all databases on a host, use `all` for the database name:
 ```yaml
-postgresql_databases:
+hooks:
-    - name: all
+    postgresql_databases:
-mariadb_databases:
+        - name: all
-    - name: all
+    mysql_databases:
-mysql_databases:
+        - name: all
-    - name: all
+    mongodb_databases:
-mongodb_databases:
+        - name: all
    - name: all
 ```
 Note that you may need to use a `username` of the `postgres` superuser for
@ -138,25 +120,20 @@ this to work with PostgreSQL.
 The SQLite hook in particular does not consider "all" a special database name.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
 these options in the `hooks:` section of your configuration.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.7.6</span> With
-PostgreSQL, MariaDB, and MySQL, you can optionally dump "all" databases to
+PostgreSQL and MySQL, you can optionally dump "all" databases to separate
-separate files instead of one combined dump file, allowing more convenient
+files instead of one combined dump file, allowing more convenient restores of
-restores of individual databases. Enable this by specifying your desired
+individual databases. Enable this by specifying your desired database dump
-database dump `format`:
+`format`:
 ```yaml
-postgresql_databases:
+hooks:
-    - name: all
+    postgresql_databases:
-      format: custom
+        - name: all
-mariadb_databases:
+          format: custom
-    - name: all
+    mysql_databases:
-      format: sql
+        - name: all
-mysql_databases:
+          format: sql
    - name: all
      format: sql
 ```
 ### Containers
@ -166,17 +143,15 @@ problem—configure borgmatic to connect to the container's name on its exposed
 port. For instance:
 ```yaml
-postgresql_databases:
+hooks:
-    - name: users
+    postgresql_databases:
-      hostname: your-database-container-name
+        - name: users
-      port: 5433
+          hostname: your-database-container-name
-      username: postgres
+          port: 5433
-      password: trustsome1
+          username: postgres
          password: trustsome1
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
 these options in the `hooks:` section of your configuration.
 But what if borgmatic is running on the host? You can still connect to a
 database container if its ports are properly exposed to the host. For
 instance, when running the database container, you can specify `--publish
@ -204,37 +179,8 @@ hooks:
          password: trustsome1
 ```
-Alter the ports in these examples to suit your particular database system.
+You can alter the ports in these examples to suit your particular database
-
+system.
 Normally, borgmatic dumps a database by running a database dump command (e.g.
 `pg_dump`) on the host or wherever borgmatic is running, and this command
 connects to your containerized database via the given `hostname` and `port`.
 But if you don't have any database dump commands installed on your host and
 you'd rather use the commands inside your database container itself, borgmatic
 supports that too. Just configure borgmatic to `exec` into your container to
 run the dump command.
 For instance, if using Docker and PostgreSQL, something like this might work:
 ```yaml
 hooks:
    postgresql_databases:
        - name: users
          hostname: 127.0.0.1
          port: 5433
          username: postgres
          password: trustsome1
          pg_dump_command: docker exec my_pg_container pg_dump
 ```
 ... where `my_pg_container` is the name of your database container. In this
 example, you'd also need to set the `pg_restore_command` and `psql_command`
 options.
 Similar command override options are available for (some of) the other
 supported database types as well. See the [configuration
 reference](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/reference/configuration/) for
 details.
 ### No source directories
@ -250,7 +196,6 @@ it is a mandatory option there:
 ```yaml
 location:
    source_directories: []
 hooks:
    mysql_databases:
        - name: all
@ -274,16 +219,10 @@ to prepare for this situation, it's a good idea to include borgmatic's own
 configuration files as part of your regular backups. That way, you can always
 bring back any missing configuration files in order to restore a database.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.7.15</span> borgmatic
 automatically includes configuration files in your backup. See [the
 documentation on the `config bootstrap`
 action](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/extract-a-backup/#extract-the-configuration-files-used-to-create-an-archive)
 for more information.
 ## Supported databases
-As of now, borgmatic supports PostgreSQL, MariaDB, MySQL, MongoDB, and SQLite
+As of now, borgmatic supports PostgreSQL, MySQL/MariaDB, MongoDB, and SQLite
 databases directly. But see below about general-purpose preparation and
 cleanup hooks as a work-around with other database systems. Also, please [file
 a ticket](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/#issues) for additional database
@ -292,10 +231,6 @@ systems that you'd like supported.
 ## Database restoration
 When you want to replace an existing database with its backed-up contents, you
 can restore it with borgmatic. Note that the database must already exist;
 borgmatic does not currently create a database upon restore.
 To restore a database dump from an archive, use the `borgmatic restore`
 action. But the first step is to figure out which archive to restore from. A
 good way to do that is to use the `rlist` action:
@ -344,8 +279,7 @@ problem: the `restore` action figures out which repository to use.
 But if you have multiple repositories configured, then you'll need to specify
 the repository to use via the `--repository` flag. This can be done either
-with the repository's path or its label as configured in your borgmatic
+with the repository's path or its label as configured in your borgmatic configuration file.
 configuration file.
 ```bash
 borgmatic restore --repository repo.borg --archive host-2023-...
@ -358,7 +292,7 @@ restore one of them, use the `--database` flag to select one or more
 databases. For instance:
 ```bash
-borgmatic restore --archive host-2023-... --database users --database orders
+borgmatic restore --archive host-2023-... --database users
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.7.6</span> You can
@ -401,28 +335,6 @@ within the database dump:
 borgmatic restore --archive latest --database users --schema tentant1
 ```
 ### Restore to an alternate host
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.7.15</span>
 A database dump can be restored to a host other than the one from which it was
 originally dumped. The connection parameters like the username, password, and
 port can also be changed. This can be done from the command line:
 ```bash
 borgmatic restore --archive latest --database users --hostname database2.example.org --port 5433 --username postgres --password trustsome1
 ```
 Or from the configuration file:
 ```yaml
 postgresql_databases:
    - name: users
        hostname: database1.example.org
        restore_hostname: database1.example.org
        restore_port: 5433
        restore_username: postgres
        restore_password: trustsome1
 ```
 ### Limitations
@ -437,28 +349,19 @@ borgmatic's own configuration file. So include your configuration file in
 backups to avoid getting caught without a way to restore a database.
 3. borgmatic does not currently support backing up or restoring multiple
 databases that share the exact same name on different hosts.
-4. When database hooks are enabled, borgmatic instructs Borg to consume
+4. Because database hooks implicitly enable the `read_special` configuration,
-special files (via `--read-special`) to support database dump
+any special files are excluded from backups (named pipes, block devices,
-streaming—regardless of the value of your `read_special` configuration option.
+character devices, and sockets) to prevent hanging. Try a command like `find
-And because this can cause Borg to hang, borgmatic also automatically excludes
+/your/source/path -type b -or -type c -or -type p -or -type s` to find such
-special files (and symlinks to them) that Borg may get stuck on. Even so,
+files. Common directories to exclude are `/dev` and `/run`, but that may not
-there are still potential edge cases in which applications on your system
+be exhaustive. <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version
-create new special files *after* borgmatic constructs its exclude list,
+1.7.3</span> When database hooks are enabled, borgmatic automatically excludes
-resulting in Borg hangs. If that occurs, you can resort to manually excluding
+special files (and symlinks to special files) that may cause Borg to hang, so
-those files. And if you explicitly set the `read-special` option to `true`,
+generally you no longer need to manually exclude them. There are potential
-borgmatic will opt you out of the auto-exclude feature entirely, but will
+edge cases though in which applications on your system create new special files
-still instruct Borg to consume special files—you will just be on your own to
+*after* borgmatic constructs its exclude list, resulting in Borg hangs. If that
-exclude them. <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version
+occurs, you can resort to the manual excludes described above. And to opt out
-1.7.3</span>Special files were not auto-excluded, and you were responsible for
+of the auto-exclude feature entirely, explicitly set `read_special` to true.
 excluding them yourself. Common directories to exclude are `/dev` and `/run`,
 but that may not be exhaustive.
 5. Database hooks also implicitly enable the `one_file_system` option, which
 means Borg won't cross filesystem boundaries when looking for files to backup.
 This is especially important when running borgmatic in a container, as
 container volumes are mounted as separate filesystems. One work-around is to
 explicitly add each mounted volume you'd like to backup to
 `source_directories` instead of relying on Borg to include them implicitly via
 a parent directory.
 ### Manual restoration
@ -492,9 +395,9 @@ dumps with any database system.
 ## Troubleshooting
-### Authentication errors
+### PostgreSQL/MySQL authentication errors
-With PostgreSQL, MariaDB, and MySQL, if you're getting authentication errors
+With PostgreSQL and MySQL/MariaDB, if you're getting authentication errors
 when borgmatic tries to connect to your database, a natural reaction is to
 increase your borgmatic verbosity with `--verbosity 2` and go looking in the
 logs. You'll notice though that your database password does not show up in the
@ -508,26 +411,26 @@ authenticated. For instance, with PostgreSQL, check your
 [pg_hba.conf](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/auth-pg-hba-conf.html)
 file for that configuration.
-Additionally, MariaDB or MySQL may be picking up some of your credentials from
+Additionally, MySQL/MariaDB may be picking up some of your credentials from a
-a defaults file like `~/mariadb.cnf` or `~/.my.cnf`. If that's the case, then
+defaults file like `~/.my.cnf`. If that's the case, then it's possible
-it's possible MariaDB or MySQL end up using, say, a username from borgmatic's
+MySQL/MariaDB ends up using, say, a username from borgmatic's configuration
-configuration and a password from `~/mariadb.cnf` or `~/.my.cnf`. This may
+and a password from `~/.my.cnf`. This may result in authentication errors if
-result in authentication errors if this combination of credentials is not what
+this combination of credentials is not what you intend.
 you intend.
-### MariaDB or MySQL table lock errors
+### MySQL table lock errors
-If you encounter table lock errors during a database dump with MariaDB or
+If you encounter table lock errors during a database dump with MySQL/MariaDB,
-MySQL, you may need to [use a
+you may need to [use a
-transaction](https://mariadb.com/docs/skysql-dbaas/ref/mdb/cli/mariadb-dump/single-transaction/).
+transaction](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/mysqldump.html#option_mysqldump_single-transaction).
 You can add any additional flags to the `options:` in your database
-configuration. Here's an example with MariaDB:
+configuration. Here's an example:
 ```yaml
-mariadb_databases:
+hooks:
-    - name: posts
+    mysql_databases:
-      options: "--single-transaction --quick"
+        - name: posts
          options: "--single-transaction --quick"
 ```
 ### borgmatic hangs during backup
--- a/docs/how-to/customize-warnings-and-errors.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/customize-warnings-and-errors.md
@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
 ---
 title: How to customize warnings and errors
 eleventyNavigation:
  key: 💥 Customize warnings/errors
  parent: How-to guides
  order: 12
 ---
 ## When things go wrong
 After Borg runs, it indicates whether it succeeded via its exit code, a
 numeric ID indicating success, warning, or error. borgmatic consumes this exit
 code to decide how to respond. Normally, a Borg error results in a borgmatic
 error, while a Borg warning or success doesn't.
 But if that default behavior isn't sufficient for your needs, you can
 customize how borgmatic interprets [Borg's exit
 codes](https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage/general.html#return-codes).
 For instance, to elevate Borg warnings to errors, thereby causing borgmatic to
 error on them, use the following borgmatic configuration:
 ```yaml
 borg_exit_codes:
   - exit_code: 1
     treat_as: error
 ```
 Be aware though that Borg exits with a warning code for a variety of benign
 situations such as files changing while they're being read, so this example
 may not meet your needs. Keep reading though for more granular exit code
 configuration.
 Here's an example that squashes Borg errors to warnings:
 ```yaml
 borg_exit_codes:
   - exit_code: 2
     treat_as: warning
 ```
 Be careful with this example though, because it prevents borgmatic from
 erroring when Borg errors, which may not be desirable.
 ### More granular configuration
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in Borg version 1.4</span> Borg
 support for [more granular exit
 codes](https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/1.4-maint/usage/general.html#return-codes)
 means that you can configure borgmatic to respond to specific Borg conditions.
 See the full list of [Borg 1.4 error and warning exit
 codes](https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/1.4.0b1/internals/frontends.html#message-ids).
 The `rc:` numeric value there tells you the exit code for each.
 For instance, this borgmatic configuration elevates all Borg backup file
 permission warnings (exit code `105`)—and only those warnings—to errors:
 ```yaml
 borg_exit_codes:
   - exit_code: 105
     treat_as: error
 ```
 The following configuration does that *and* elevates backup file not found
 warnings (exit code `107`) to errors as well:
 ```yaml
 borg_exit_codes:
   - exit_code: 105
     treat_as: error
   - exit_code: 107
     treat_as: error
 ```
 If you don't know the exit code for a particular Borg error or warning you're
 experiencing, you can usually find it in your borgmatic output when
 `--verbosity 2` is enabled. For instance, here's a snippet of that output when
 a backup file is not found:
 ```
 /noexist: stat: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/noexist'
 ...
 terminating with warning status, rc 107
 ```
 So if you want to configure borgmatic to treat this as an error instead of a
 warning, the exit status to use is `107`.
--- a/docs/how-to/deal-with-very-large-backups.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/deal-with-very-large-backups.md
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ default action ordering was `prune`, `compact`, `create`, and `check`.
 ### A la carte actions
 If you find yourself wanting to customize the actions, you have some options.
-First, you can run borgmatic's `create`, `prune`, `compact`, or `check`
+First, you can run borgmatic's `prune`, `compact`, `create`, or `check`
 actions separately. For instance, the following optional actions are
 available (among others):
@ -51,11 +51,6 @@ cron job), while only running expensive consistency checks with `check` on a
 much less frequent basis (e.g. with `borgmatic check` called from a separate
 cron job).
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.8.5</span> Instead of
 (or in addition to) specifying actions on the command-line, you can configure
 borgmatic to [skip particular
 actions](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/set-up-backups/#skipping-actions).
 ### Consistency check configuration
@ -70,20 +65,19 @@ configure borgmatic to run repository checks only. Configure this in the
 `consistency` section of borgmatic configuration:
 ```yaml
-checks:
+consistency:
-    - name: repository
+    checks:
        - name: repository
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
 this option in the `consistency:` section of your configuration.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.6.2</span> The
 `checks` option was a plain list of strings without the `name:` part, and
 borgmatic ran each configured check every time checks were run. For example:
 ```yaml
-checks:
+consistency:
-    - repository
+    checks:
        - repository
 ```
@ -91,9 +85,8 @@ Here are the available checks from fastest to slowest:
 * `repository`: Checks the consistency of the repository itself.
 * `archives`: Checks all of the archives in the repository.
- * `extract`: Performs an extraction dry-run of the latest archive.
+ * `extract`: Performs an extraction dry-run of the most recent archive.
 * `data`: Verifies the data integrity of all archives contents, decrypting and decompressing all data.
 * `spot`: Compares file counts and contents between your source files and the latest archive.
 Note that the `data` check is a more thorough version of the `archives` check,
 so enabling the `data` check implicitly enables the `archives` check as well.
@ -103,89 +96,6 @@ documentation](https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage/check.html)
 for more information.
 ### Spot check
 The various consistency checks all have trade-offs around speed and
 thoroughness, but most of them don't even look at your original source
 files—arguably one important way to ensure your backups contain the files
 you'll want to restore in the case of catastrophe (or just an accidentally
 deleted file). Because if something goes wrong with your source files, most
 consistency checks will still pass with flying colors and you won't discover
 there's a problem until you go to restore.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.8.10</span> <span
 class="minilink minilink-addedin">Beta feature</span> That's where the spot
 check comes in. This check actually compares your source file counts and data
 against those in the latest archive, potentially catching problems like
 incorrect excludes, inadvertent deletes, files changed by malware, etc.
 However, because an exhaustive comparison of all source files against the
 latest archive might be too slow, the spot check supports *sampling* a
 percentage of your source files for the comparison, ensuring they fall within
 configured tolerances.
 Here's how it works. Start by installing the `xxhash` OS package if you don't
 already have it, so the spot check can run the `xxh64sum` command and
 efficiently hash files for comparison. Then add something like the following
 to your borgmatic configuration:
 ```yaml
 checks:
    - name: spot
      count_tolerance_percentage: 10
      data_sample_percentage: 1
      data_tolerance_percentage: 0.5
 ```
 The `count_tolerance_percentage` is the percentage delta between the source
 directories file count and the latest backup archive file count that is
 allowed before the entire consistency check fails. For instance, if the spot
 check runs and finds 100 source files on disk and 105 files in the latest
 archive, that would be within the configured 10% count tolerance and the check
 would succeed. But if there were 100 source files and 200 archive files, the
 check would fail. (100 source files and only 50 archive files would also
 fail.)
 The `data_sample_percentage` is the percentage of total files in the source
 directories to randomly sample and compare to their corresponding files in the
 latest backup archive. A higher value allows a more accurate check—and a
 slower one. The comparison is performed by hashing the selected source files
 and counting hashes that don't match the latest archive. For instance, if you
 have 1,000 source files and your sample percentage is 1%, then only 10 source
 files will be compared against the latest archive. These sampled files are
 selected randomly each time, so in effect the spot check is probabilistic.
 The `data_tolerance_percentage` is the percentage of total files in the source
 directories that can fail a spot check data comparison without failing the
 entire consistency check. The value must be lower than or equal to the
 `data_sample_percentage`, because `data_tolerance_percentage` only looks at
 at the sampled files as determined by `data_sample_percentage`.
 All three options are required when using the spot check. And because the
 check relies on these configured tolerances, it may not be a
 set-it-and-forget-it type of consistency check, at least until you get the
 tolerances dialed in so there are minimal false positives or negatives. It is
 recommended you run `borgmatic check` several times after configuring the spot
 check, tweaking your tolerances as needed. For certain workloads where your
 source files experience wild swings of file contents or counts, the spot check
 may not suitable at all.
 What if you add, delete, or change a bunch of your source files and you don't
 want the spot check to fail the next time it's run? Run `borgmatic create` to
 create a new backup, thereby allowing the next spot check to run against an
 archive that contains your recent changes.
 Because the spot check only looks at the most recent archive, you may not want
 to run it immediately after a `create` action (borgmatic's default behavior).
 Instead, it may make more sense to run the spot check on a separate schedule
 from `create`.
 As long as the spot check feature is in beta, it may be subject to breaking
 changes. But feel free to use it in production if you're okay with that
 caveat, and please [provide any
 feedback](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/#issues) you have on this feature.
 ### Check frequency
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.6.2</span> You can
@ -193,29 +103,18 @@ optionally configure checks to run on a periodic basis rather than every time
 borgmatic runs checks. For instance:
 ```yaml
-checks:
+consistency:
-    - name: repository
+    checks:
-      frequency: 2 weeks
+        - name: repository
-    - name: archives
+          frequency: 2 weeks
-      frequency: 1 month
+        - name: archives
          frequency: 1 month
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
 this option in the `consistency:` section of your configuration.
 This tells borgmatic to run the `repository` consistency check at most once
 every two weeks for a given repository and the `archives` check at most once a
-month. The `frequency` value is a number followed by a unit of time, e.g. `3
+month. The `frequency` value is a number followed by a unit of time, e.g. "3
-days`, `1 week`, `2 months`, etc. The set of possible time units is as
+days", "1 week", "2 months", etc.
 follows (singular or plural):
 * `second`
 * `minute`
 * `hour`
 * `day`
 * `week` (7 days)
 * `month` (30 days)
 * `year` (365 days)
 The `frequency` defaults to `always` for a check configured without a
 `frequency`, which means run this check every time checks run. But if you omit
@ -237,10 +136,6 @@ though—or the most frequently configured check will apply.
 If you want to temporarily ignore your configured frequencies, you can invoke
 `borgmatic check --force` to run checks unconditionally.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.8.6</span> `borgmatic
 check --force` runs `check` even if it's specified in the `skip_actions`
 option.
 ### Running only checks
@ -264,31 +159,21 @@ location:
 If that's still too slow, you can disable consistency checks entirely,
 either for a single repository or for all repositories.
-<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.8.5</span> Disabling
+Disabling all consistency checks looks like this:
 all consistency checks looks like this:
 ```yaml
-skip_actions:
+consistency:
-    - check
+    checks:
        - name: disabled
 ```
-<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.5</span> Use this
+<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.6.2</span> `checks`
-configuration instead:
+was a plain list of strings without the `name:` part. For instance:
 ```yaml
-checks:
+consistency:
-    - name: disabled
+    checks:
-```
+        - disabled
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
 `checks:` in the `consistency:` section of your configuration.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.6.2</span>
 `checks:` was a plain list of strings without the `name:` part. For instance:
 ```yaml
 checks:
    - disabled
 ```
 If you have multiple repositories in your borgmatic configuration file,
@ -296,11 +181,12 @@ you can keep running consistency checks, but only against a subset of the
 repositories:
 ```yaml
-check_repositories:
+consistency:
-    - path/of/repository_to_check.borg
+    check_repositories:
        - path/of/repository_to_check.borg
 ```
-Finally, you can override your configuration file's consistency checks and
+Finally, you can override your configuration file's consistency checks, and
 run particular checks via the command-line. For instance:
 ```bash
--- a/docs/how-to/develop-on-borgmatic.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/develop-on-borgmatic.md
@ -3,16 +3,11 @@ title: How to develop on borgmatic
 eleventyNavigation:
  key: 🏗️ Develop on borgmatic
  parent: How-to guides
-  order: 14
+  order: 13
 ---
 ## Source code
-To get set up to develop on borgmatic, first [`install
+To get set up to hack on borgmatic, first clone it via HTTPS or SSH:
 pipx`](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/set-up-backups/#installation)
 to make managing your borgmatic environment easy without impacting other
 Python applications on your system.
 Then, clone borgmatic via HTTPS or SSH:
 ```bash
 git clone https://projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic.git
@ -24,42 +19,36 @@ Or:
 git clone ssh://git@projects.torsion.org:3022/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic.git
 ```
-Finally, install borgmatic
+Then, install borgmatic
-"[editable](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/topics/local-project-installs/#editable-installs)"
+"[editable](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/cli/pip_install/#editable-installs)"
-so that you can run borgmatic actions during development to make sure your
+so that you can run borgmatic commands while you're hacking on them to
-changes work:
+make sure your changes work.
 ```bash
 cd borgmatic
-pipx ensurepath
+pip3 install --user --editable .
 pipx install --editable .
 ```
-Or to work on the [Apprise
+Note that this will typically install the borgmatic commands into
-hook](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#apprise-hook),
+`~/.local/bin`, which may or may not be on your PATH. There are other ways to
-change that last line to:
+install borgmatic editable as well, for instance into the system Python
-
+install (so without `--user`, as root), or even into a
-```bash
+[virtualenv](https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/stable/). How or where you install
-pipx install --editable .[Apprise]
+borgmatic is up to you, but generally an editable install makes development
-```
+and testing easier.
 To get oriented with the borgmatic source code, have a look at the [source
 code reference](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/reference/source-code/).
 ## Automated tests
-Assuming you've cloned the borgmatic source code as described above and you're
+Assuming you've cloned the borgmatic source code as described above, and
-in the `borgmatic/` working copy, install tox, which is used for setting up
+you're in the `borgmatic/` working copy, install tox, which is used for
-testing environments. You can either install a system package of tox (likely
+setting up testing environments:
 called `tox` or `python-tox`) or you can install tox with pipx:
 ```bash
-pipx install tox
+pip3 install --user tox
 ```
-Finally, to actually run tests, run tox from inside the borgmatic
+Finally, to actually run tests, run:
 sourcedirectory:
 ```bash
 tox
@ -100,14 +89,14 @@ with Borg and supported databases for a few representative scenarios. These
 tests don't run by default when running `tox`, because they're relatively slow
 and depend on containers for runtime dependencies. These tests do run on the
 continuous integration (CI) server, and running them on your developer machine
-is the closest thing to dev-CI parity.
+is the closest thing to CI-test parity.
 If you would like to run the full test suite, first install Docker (or Podman;
 see below) and [Docker Compose](https://docs.docker.com/compose/install/).
 Then run:
 ```bash
-scripts/run-end-to-end-tests
+scripts/run-end-to-end-dev-tests
 ```
 This script assumes you have permission to run `docker`. If you don't, then
@ -149,9 +138,6 @@ the following deviations from it:
   separate from their contents.
 * Within multiline constructs, use standard four-space indentation. Don't align
   indentation with an opening delimiter.
 * In general, spell out words in variable names instead of shortening them.
   So, think `index` instead of `idx`. There are some notable exceptions to
   this though (like `config`).
 borgmatic code uses the [Black](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) code
 formatter, the [Flake8](http://flake8.pycqa.org/en/latest/) code checker, and
@ -159,17 +145,12 @@ the [isort](https://github.com/timothycrosley/isort) import orderer, so
 certain code style requirements will be enforced when running automated tests.
 See the Black, Flake8, and isort documentation for more information.
 ## Continuous integration
-Each commit to
+Each pull request triggers a continuous integration build which runs the test
-[main](https://projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic/branches)
+suite. You can view these builds on
-triggers [a continuous integration
+[build.torsion.org](https://build.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic), and they're
-build](https://projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic/actions)
+also linked from the commits list on each pull request.
 which runs the test suite and updates
 [documentation](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/). These builds are also linked
 from the [commits for the main
 branch](https://projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic/commits/branch/main).
 ## Documentation development
--- a/docs/how-to/extract-a-backup.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/extract-a-backup.md
@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ entire contents of the archive to the current directory, so make sure you're
 in the right place before running the command—or see below about the
 `--destination` flag.
 ## Repository selection
 If you have a single repository in your borgmatic configuration file(s), no
@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ everything from an archive. To do that, tack on one or more `--path` values.
 For instance:
 ```bash
-borgmatic extract --archive latest --path path/1 --path path/2
+borgmatic extract --archive latest --path path/1 path/2
 ```
 Note that the specified restore paths should not have a leading slash. Like a
@ -144,55 +145,3 @@ When you're all done exploring your files, unmount your mount point. No
 ```bash
 borgmatic umount --mount-point /mnt
 ```
 ## Extract the configuration files used to create an archive
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.7.15</span> borgmatic
 automatically stores all the configuration files used to create an archive
 inside the archive itself. They are stored in the archive using their full
 paths from the machine being backed up. This is useful in cases where you've
 lost a configuration file or you want to see what configurations were used to
 create a particular archive.
 To extract the configuration files from an archive, use the `config bootstrap`
 action. For example:
 ```bash 
 borgmatic config bootstrap --repository repo.borg --destination /tmp
 ```
 This extracts the configuration file from the latest archive in the repository
 `repo.borg` to `/tmp/etc/borgmatic/config.yaml`, assuming that the only
 configuration file used to create this archive was located at
 `/etc/borgmatic/config.yaml` when the archive was created.
 Note that to run the `config bootstrap` action, you don't need to have a
 borgmatic configuration file. You only need to specify the repository to use
 via the `--repository` flag; borgmatic will figure out the rest.
 If a destination directory is not specified, the configuration files will be
 extracted to their original locations, silently *overwriting* any configuration
 files that may already exist. For example, if a configuration file was located
 at `/etc/borgmatic/config.yaml` when the archive was created, it will be
 extracted to `/etc/borgmatic/config.yaml` too.
 If you want to extract the configuration file from a specific archive, use the
 `--archive` flag:
 ```bash
 borgmatic config bootstrap --repository repo.borg --archive host-2023-01-02T04:06:07.080910 --destination /tmp
 ```
 See the output of `config bootstrap --help` for additional flags you may need
 for bootstrapping.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.8.1</span> Set the
 `store_config_files` option to `false` to disable the automatic backup of
 borgmatic configuration files, for instance if they contain sensitive
 information you don't want to store even inside your encrypted backups. If you
 do this though, the `config bootstrap` action will no longer work.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.8.7</span> Included
 configuration files are stored in each backup archive. This means that the
 `config bootstrap` action not only extracts the top-level configuration files
 but also the includes they depend upon.
--- a/docs/how-to/index.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/index.md
@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ---
 eleventyNavigation:
  key: How-to guides
  order: 1
 permalink: false
 ---
--- a/docs/how-to/inspect-your-backups.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/inspect-your-backups.md
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ with `--format`. Refer to the [borg list --format
 documentation](https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage/list.html#the-format-specifier-syntax)
 for available values.
-(No borgmatic `list` or `info` actions? Upgrade borgmatic!)
+*(No borgmatic `list` or `info` actions? Upgrade borgmatic!)*
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in borgmatic version 1.7.0</span>
 There are also `rlist` and `rinfo` actions for displaying repository
@ -116,30 +116,27 @@ archive, complete with file sizes.
 ## Logging
-By default, borgmatic logs to the console. You can enable simultaneous syslog
+By default, borgmatic logs to a local syslog-compatible daemon if one is
-logging and customize its log level with the `--syslog-verbosity` flag, which
+present and borgmatic is running in a non-interactive console. Where those
-is independent from the console logging `--verbosity` flag described above.
+logs show up depends on your particular system. If you're using systemd, try
-For instance, to enable syslog logging, run:
+running `journalctl -xe`. Otherwise, try viewing `/var/log/syslog` or
 similar.
 You can customize the log level used for syslog logging with the
 `--syslog-verbosity` flag, and this is independent from the console logging
 `--verbosity` flag described above. For instance, to get additional
 information about the progress of the backup as it proceeds:
 ```bash
 borgmatic --syslog-verbosity 1
 ```
-To increase syslog logging further to include debugging information, run:
+Or to increase syslog logging to include debug spew:
 ```bash
 borgmatic --syslog-verbosity 2
 ```
 See above for further details about the verbosity levels.
 Where these logs show up depends on your particular system. If you're using
 systemd, try running `journalctl -xe`. Otherwise, try viewing
 `/var/log/syslog` or similar.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.3</span>borgmatic
 logged to syslog by default whenever run at a non-interactive console.
 ### Rate limiting
 If you are using rsyslog or systemd's journal, be aware that by default they
@ -168,7 +165,7 @@ Note that if you use the `--log-file` flag, you are responsible for rotating
 the log file so it doesn't grow too large, for example with
 [logrotate](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Logrotate).
-You can use the `--log-file-verbosity` flag to customize the log file's log level:
+You can the `--log-file-verbosity` flag to customize the log file's log level:
 ```bash
 borgmatic --log-file /path/to/file.log --log-file-verbosity 2
@ -200,5 +197,5 @@ See the [Python logging
 documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html#logrecord-attributes)
 for additional placeholders.
-Note that this `--log-file-format` flag only applies to the specified
+Note that this `--log-file-format` flg only applies to the specified
 `--log-file` and not to syslog or other logging.
--- a/docs/how-to/make-backups-redundant.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/make-backups-redundant.md
@ -12,20 +12,18 @@ it. borgmatic supports this in its configuration by specifying multiple backup
 repositories. Here's an example:
 ```yaml
-# List of source directories to backup.
+location:
-source_directories:
+    # List of source directories to backup.
-    - /home
+    source_directories:
-    - /etc
+        - /home
        - /etc
-# Paths of local or remote repositories to backup to.
+    # Paths of local or remote repositories to backup to.
-repositories:
+    repositories:
-    - path: ssh://k8pDxu32@k8pDxu32.repo.borgbase.com/./repo
+        - path: ssh://k8pDxu32@k8pDxu32.repo.borgbase.com/./repo
-    - path: /var/lib/backups/local.borg
+        - path: /var/lib/backups/local.borg
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
 these options in the `location:` section of your configuration.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.7.10</span> Omit
 the `path:` portion of the `repositories` list.
--- a/docs/how-to/make-per-application-backups.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/make-per-application-backups.md
@ -74,15 +74,14 @@ and borgmatic uses that format to name any new archive it creates. For
 instance:
 ```yaml
-archive_name_format: home-directories-{now}
+storage:
    ...
    archive_name_format: home-directories-{now}
 ```
-<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
+This means that when borgmatic creates an archive, its name will start with
-this option in the `storage:` section of your configuration.
+the string `home-directories-` and end with a timestamp for its creation time.
-
+If `archive_name_format` is unspecified, the default is
 This example means that when borgmatic creates an archive, its name will start
 with the string `home-directories-` and end with a timestamp for its creation
 time. If `archive_name_format` is unspecified, the default is
 `{hostname}-{now:%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f}`, meaning your system hostname plus a
 timestamp in a particular format.
@ -104,12 +103,11 @@ to filter archives when running supported actions.
 For instance, let's say that you have this in your configuration:
 ```yaml
-archive_name_format: {hostname}-user-data-{now}
+storage:
    ...
    archive_name_format: {hostname}-user-data-{now}
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
 this option in the `storage:` section of your configuration.
 borgmatic considers `{now}` an emphemeral data placeholder that will probably
 change per archive, while `{hostname}` won't. So it turns the example value
 into `{hostname}-user-data-*` and applies it to filter down the set of
@ -125,8 +123,10 @@ If this behavior isn't quite smart enough for your needs, you can use the
 filtering archives. For example:
 ```yaml
-archive_name_format: {hostname}-user-data-{now}
+storage:
-match_archives: sh:myhost-user-data-*        
+    ...
    archive_name_format: {hostname}-user-data-{now}
    match_archives: sh:myhost-user-data-*        
 ```
 For Borg 1.x, use a shell pattern for the `match_archives` value and see the
@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ Some borgmatic command-line actions also have a `--match-archives` flag that
 overrides both the auto-matching behavior and the `match_archives`
 configuration option.
-<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.7.11</span> The way
+<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to 1.7.11</span> The way to
-to limit the archives used for the `prune` action was a `prefix` option in the
+limit the archives used for the `prune` action was a `prefix` option in the
 `retention` section for matching against the start of archive names. And the
 option for limiting the archives used for the `check` action was a separate
 `prefix` in the `consistency` section. Both of these options are deprecated in
@ -151,33 +151,28 @@ in newer versions of borgmatic.
 ## Configuration includes
 Once you have multiple different configuration files, you might want to share
-common configuration options across these files without having to copy and paste
+common configuration options across these files with having to copy and paste
 them. To achieve this, you can put fragments of common configuration options
-into a file and then include or inline that file into one or more borgmatic
+into a file, and then include or inline that file into one or more borgmatic
 configuration files.
-Let's say that you want to include common consistency check configuration across all
+Let's say that you want to include common retention configuration across all
 of your configuration files. You could do that in each configuration file with
 the following:
 ```yaml
-repositories:
+location:
-    - path: repo.borg
+   ...
-checks:
+retention:
-    !include /etc/borgmatic/common_checks.yaml
+    !include /etc/borgmatic/common_retention.yaml
 ```
-<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> These
+And then the contents of `common_retention.yaml` could be:
 options were organized into sections like `location:` and `consistency:`.
 The contents of `common_checks.yaml` could be:
 ```yaml
- name: repository
+keep_hourly: 24
-  frequency: 3 weeks
+keep_daily: 7
 - name: archives
  frequency: 2 weeks
 ```
 To prevent borgmatic from trying to load these configuration fragments by
@ -189,18 +184,18 @@ When a configuration include is a relative path, borgmatic loads it from either
 the current working directory or from the directory containing the file doing
 the including.
-Note that this form of include must be a value rather than an option name. For
+Note that this form of include must be a YAML value rather than a key. For
 example, this will not work:
 ```yaml
-repositories:
+location:
-    - path: repo.borg
+   ...
 # Don't do this. It won't work!
-!include /etc/borgmatic/common_checks.yaml
+!include /etc/borgmatic/common_retention.yaml
 ```
-But if you do want to merge in a option name *and* its values, keep reading!
+But if you do want to merge in a YAML key *and* its values, keep reading!
 ## Include merging
@ -208,82 +203,45 @@ But if you do want to merge in a option name *and* its values, keep reading!
 If you need to get even fancier and merge in common configuration options, you
 can perform a YAML merge of included configuration using the YAML `<<` key.
 For instance, here's an example of a main configuration file that pulls in
-retention and consistency checks options via a single include:
+retention and consistency options via a single include:
 ```yaml
 repositories:
   - path: repo.borg
 <<: !include /etc/borgmatic/common.yaml
 location:
   ...
 ```
 This is what `common.yaml` might look like:
 ```yaml
-keep_hourly: 24
+retention:
-keep_daily: 7
+    keep_hourly: 24
    keep_daily: 7
-checks:
+consistency:
-    - name: repository
+    checks:
-      frequency: 3 weeks
+        - name: repository
    - name: archives
      frequency: 2 weeks
 ```
-<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> These
+Once this include gets merged in, the resulting configuration would have all
-options were organized into sections like `retention:` and `consistency:`.
+of the `location` options from the original configuration file *and* the
 `retention` and `consistency` options from the include.
-Once this include gets merged in, the resulting configuration has all of the
+Prior to borgmatic version 1.6.0, when there's a section collision between the
-options from the original configuration file *and* the options from the
+local file and the merged include, the local file's section takes precedence.
-include.
+So if the `retention` section appears in both the local file and the include
 file, the included `retention` is ignored in favor of the local `retention`.
 But see below about deep merge in version 1.6.0+.
 Note that this `<<` include merging syntax is only for merging in mappings
-(configuration options and their values). If you'd like to include a single
+(configuration options and their values). But if you'd like to include a
-value directly, please see above about standard includes.
+single value directly, please see the section above about standard includes.
-
+Additionally, there is a limitation preventing multiple `<<` include merges
-### Multiple merge includes
+per section. So for instance, that means you can do one `<<` merge at the
-
+global level, another `<<` within each configuration section, etc. (This is a
-borgmatic has a limitation preventing multiple `<<` include merges per file or
+YAML limitation.)
 option value. This means you can do a single `<<` merge at the global level,
 another `<<` within each nested option value, etc. (This is a YAML
 limitation.) For instance:
 ```yaml
 repositories:
   - path: repo.borg
 # This won't work! You can't do multiple merges like this at the same level.
 <<: !include common1.yaml
 <<: !include common2.yaml
 ```
 But read on for a way around this.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.8.1</span> You can
 include and merge multiple configuration files all at once. For instance:
 ```yaml
 repositories:
   - path: repo.borg
 <<: !include [common1.yaml, common2.yaml, common3.yaml]
 ```
 This merges in each included configuration file in turn, such that later files
 replace the options in earlier ones.
 Here's another way to do the same thing:
 ```yaml
 repositories:
   - path: repo.borg
 <<: !include
    - common1.yaml
    - common2.yaml
    - common3.yaml
 ```
 ### Deep merge
@ -294,30 +252,29 @@ at all levels in the two configuration files. This allows you to include
 common configuration—up to full borgmatic configuration files—while overriding
 only the parts you want to customize.
-For instance, here's an example of a main configuration file that pulls in
+For instance, here's an example of a main configuration file that pulls in two
-options via an include and then overrides one of them locally:
+retention options via an include and then overrides one of them locally:
 ```yaml
 <<: !include /etc/borgmatic/common.yaml
-constants:
+location:
-    base_directory: /opt
+   ...
-repositories:
+retention:
-    - path: repo.borg
+    keep_daily: 5
 ```
 This is what `common.yaml` might look like:
 ```yaml
-constants:
+retention:
-    app_name: myapp
+    keep_hourly: 24
-    base_directory: /var/lib
+    keep_daily: 7
 ```
-Once this include gets merged in, the resulting configuration would have an
+Once this include gets merged in, the resulting configuration would have a
-`app_name` value of `myapp` and an overridden `base_directory` value of
+`keep_hourly` value of `24` and an overridden `keep_daily` value of `5`.
 `/opt`.
 When there's an option collision between the local file and the merged
 include, the local file's option takes precedence.
@ -335,22 +292,21 @@ configuration file, you can omit it with an `!omit` tag. For instance:
 ```yaml
 <<: !include /etc/borgmatic/common.yaml
-source_directories:
+location:
-    - !omit /home
+   source_directories:
-    - /var
+     - !omit /home
     - /var
 ```
 And `common.yaml` like this:
 ```yaml
-source_directories:
+location:
-    - /home
+   source_directories:
-    - /etc
+     - /home
     - /etc
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put the
 `source_directories` option in the `location:` section of your configuration.
 Once this include gets merged in, the resulting configuration will have a
 `source_directories` value of `/etc` and `/var`—with `/home` omitted.
@ -363,15 +319,16 @@ an example of some things not to do:
 ```yaml
 <<: !include /etc/borgmatic/common.yaml
-source_directories:
+location:
-    # Do not do this! It will not work. "!omit" belongs before "/home".
+   source_directories:
-    - /home !omit
+     # Do not do this! It will not work. "!omit" belongs before "/home".
     - /home !omit
-# Do not do this either! "!omit" only works on scalar list items.
+   # Do not do this either! "!omit" only works on scalar list items.
-repositories: !omit
+   repositories: !omit
-    # Also do not do this for the same reason! This is a list item, but it's
+     # Also do not do this for the same reason! This is a list item, but it's
-    # not a scalar.
+     # not a scalar.
-    - !omit path: repo.borg
+     - !omit path: repo.borg
 ```
 Additionally, the `!omit` tag only works in a configuration file that also
@ -385,8 +342,8 @@ includes.
 ### Shallow merge
 Even though deep merging is generally pretty handy for included files,
-sometimes you want specific options in the local file to take precedence over
+sometimes you want specific sections in the local file to take precedence over
-included options—without any merging occurring for them.
+included sections—without any merging occurring for them.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.7.12</span> That's
 where the `!retain` tag comes in. Whenever you're merging an included file
@ -400,38 +357,37 @@ on the `retention` mapping:
 ```yaml
 <<: !include /etc/borgmatic/common.yaml
-repositories:
+location:
-    - path: repo.borg
+   repositories:
     - path: repo.borg
-checks: !retain
+retention: !retain
-    - name: repository
+    keep_daily: 5
 ```
 And `common.yaml` like this:
 ```yaml
-repositories:
+location:
-    - path: common.borg
+   repositories:
     - path: common.borg
-checks:
+retention:
-    - name: archives
+    keep_hourly: 24
    keep_daily: 7
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> These
 options were organized into sections like `location:` and `consistency:`.
 Once this include gets merged in, the resulting configuration will have a
-`checks` value with a name of `repository` and no other values. That's because
+`keep_daily` value of `5` and nothing else in the `retention` section. That's
-the `!retain` tag says to retain the local version of `checks` and ignore any
+because the `!retain` tag says to retain the local version of `retention` and
-values coming in from the include. But because the `repositories` list doesn't
+ignore any values coming in from the include. But because the `repositories`
-have a `!retain` tag, it still gets merged together to contain both
+list doesn't have a `!retain` tag, it still gets merged together to contain
-`common.borg` and `repo.borg`.
+both `common.borg` and `repo.borg`.
-The `!retain` tag can only be placed on mappings (keys/values) and lists, and
+The `!retain` tag can only be placed on mappings and lists, and it goes right
-it goes right after the name of the option (and its colon) on the same line.
+after the name of the option (and its colon) on the same line. The effects of
-The effects of `!retain` are recursive, meaning that if you place a `!retain`
+`!retain` are recursive, meaning that if you place a `!retain` tag on a
-tag on a top-level mapping, even deeply nested values within it will not be
+top-level mapping, even deeply nested values within it will not be merged.
 merged.
 Additionally, the `!retain` tag only works in a configuration file that also
 performs a merge include with `<<: !include`. It doesn't make sense within,
@ -478,63 +434,59 @@ Whatever the reason, you can override borgmatic configuration options at the
 command-line via the `--override` flag. Here's an example:
 ```bash
-borgmatic create --override remote_path=/usr/local/bin/borg1
+borgmatic create --override location.remote_path=/usr/local/bin/borg1
 ```
-What this does is load your configuration files and for each one, disregard
+What this does is load your configuration files, and for each one, disregard
-the configured value for the `remote_path` option and use the value of
+the configured value for the `remote_path` option in the `location` section,
-`/usr/local/bin/borg1` instead.
+and use the value of `/usr/local/bin/borg1` instead.
-You can even override nested values or multiple values at once. For instance:
+You can even override multiple values at once. For instance:
 ```bash
-borgmatic create --override parent_option.option1=value1 --override parent_option.option2=value2
+borgmatic create --override section.option1=value1 section.option2=value2
 ```
-<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Don't
+This will accomplish the same thing:
 forget to specify the section that an option is in. That looks like a prefix
 on the option name, e.g. `location.repositories`.
 Note that each value is parsed as an actual YAML string, so you can set list
 values by using brackets. For instance:
 ```bash
-borgmatic create --override repositories=[test1.borg,test2.borg]
+borgmatic create --override section.option1=value1 --override section.option2=value2
 ```
-Or a single list element:
+Note that each value is parsed as an actual YAML string, so you can even set
 list values by using brackets. For instance:
 ```bash
-borgmatic create --override repositories=[/root/test.borg]
+borgmatic create --override location.repositories=[test1.borg,test2.borg]
 ```
-Or a single list element that is a key/value pair:
+Or even a single list element:
 ```bash
-borgmatic create --override repositories="[{path: test.borg, label: test}]"
+borgmatic create --override location.repositories=[/root/test.borg]
 ```
-If your override value contains characters like colons or spaces, then you'll
+If your override value contains special YAML characters like colons, then
-need to use quotes for it to parse correctly.
+you'll need quotes for it to parse correctly:
 Another example:
 ```bash
-borgmatic create --override repositories="['user@server:test.borg']"
+borgmatic create --override location.repositories="['user@server:test.borg']"
 ```
 There is not currently a way to override a single element of a list without
 replacing the whole list.
-Using the `[ ]` list syntax is required when overriding an option of the list
+Note that if you override an option of the list type (like
-type (like `location.repositories`). See the [configuration
+`location.repositories`), you do need to use the `[ ]` list syntax. See the
 [configuration
 reference](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/reference/configuration/) for
 which options are list types. (YAML list values look like `- this` with an
 indentation and a leading dash.)
-An alternate to command-line overrides is passing in your values via
+Be sure to quote your overrides if they contain spaces or other characters
-[environment
+that your shell may interpret.
-variables](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/provide-your-passwords/).
+
 An alternate to command-line overrides is passing in your values via [environment variables](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/provide-your-passwords/).
 ## Constant interpolation
@ -544,7 +496,8 @@ tool is borgmatic's support for defining custom constants. This is similar to
 the [variable interpolation
 feature](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/add-preparation-and-cleanup-steps-to-backups/#variable-interpolation)
 for command hooks, but the constants feature lets you substitute your own
-custom values into any option values in the entire configuration file.
+custom values into anywhere in the entire configuration file. (Constants don't
 work across includes or separate configuration files though.)
 Here's an example usage:
@ -553,58 +506,32 @@ constants:
    user: foo
    archive_prefix: bar
-source_directories:
+location:
-    - /home/{user}/.config
+    source_directories:
-    - /home/{user}/.ssh
+        - /home/{user}/.config
        - /home/{user}/.ssh
    ...
-...
+storage:
-
+    archive_name_format: '{archive_prefix}-{now}'
 archive_name_format: '{archive_prefix}-{now}'
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Don't
 forget to specify the section (like `location:` or `storage:`) that any option
 is in.
 In this example, when borgmatic runs, all instances of `{user}` get replaced
-with `foo` and all instances of `{archive_prefix}` get replaced with `bar`.
+with `foo` and all instances of `{archive-prefix}` get replaced with `bar-`.
-And `{now}` doesn't get replaced with anything, but gets passed directly to
+(And in this particular example, `{now}` doesn't get replaced with anything,
-Borg, which has its own
+but gets passed directly to Borg.) After substitution, the logical result
-[placeholders](https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage/help.html#borg-help-placeholders)
+looks something like this:
 using the same syntax as borgmatic constants. So borgmatic options like
 `archive_name_format` that get passed directly to Borg can use either Borg
 placeholders or borgmatic constants or both!
 After substitution, the logical result looks something like this:
 ```yaml
-source_directories:
+location:
-    - /home/foo/.config
+    source_directories:
-    - /home/foo/.ssh
+        - /home/foo/.config
        - /home/foo/.ssh
    ...
-...
+storage:
-
+    archive_name_format: 'bar-{now}'
 archive_name_format: 'bar-{now}'
 ```
 Note that if you'd like to interpolate a constant into the beginning of a
 value, you'll need to quote it. For instance, this won't work:
 ```yaml
 source_directories:
    - {my_home_directory}/.config   # This will error!
 ```
 Instead, do this:
 ```yaml
 source_directories:
    - "{my_home_directory}/.config"
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.8.5</span> Constants
 work across includes, meaning you can define a constant and then include a
 separate configuration file that uses that constant.
 An alternate to constants is passing in your values via [environment
 variables](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/provide-your-passwords/).
--- a/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups.md
@ -36,24 +36,25 @@ below for how to configure this.
 ### Third-party monitoring services
-borgmatic integrates with these monitoring services and libraries, pinging
+borgmatic integrates with monitoring services like
-them as backups happen:
+[Healthchecks](https://healthchecks.io/), [Cronitor](https://cronitor.io),
-
+[Cronhub](https://cronhub.io), [PagerDuty](https://www.pagerduty.com/), and
- * [Healthchecks](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#healthchecks-hook)
+[ntfy](https://ntfy.sh/) and pings these services whenever borgmatic runs.
- * [Cronitor](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#cronitor-hook)
+That way, you'll receive an alert when something goes wrong or (for certain
- * [Cronhub](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#cronhub-hook)
+hooks) the service doesn't hear from borgmatic for a configured interval. See
- * [PagerDuty](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#pagerduty-hook)
+[Healthchecks
- * [ntfy](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#ntfy-hook)
+hook](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#healthchecks-hook),
- * [Grafana Loki](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#loki-hook)
+[Cronitor
- * [Apprise](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#apprise-hook)
+hook](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#cronitor-hook),
-
+[Cronhub
-The idea is that you'll receive an alert when something goes wrong or when the
+hook](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#cronhub-hook),
-service doesn't hear from borgmatic for a configured interval (if supported).
+[PagerDuty
-See the documentation links above for configuration information.
+hook](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#pagerduty-hook),
-
+and [ntfy hook](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/monitor-your-backups/#ntfy-hook)
-While these services and libraries offer different features, you probably only
+below for how to configure this.
 need to use one of them at most.
 While these services offer different features, you probably only need to use
 one of them at most.
 ### Third-party monitoring software
@ -88,24 +89,23 @@ notifications or take other actions, so you can get alerted as soon as
 something goes wrong. Here's a not-so-useful example:
 ```yaml
-on_error:
+hooks:
-    - echo "Error while creating a backup or running a backup hook."
+    on_error:
        - echo "Error while creating a backup or running a backup hook."
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
 this option in the `hooks:` section of your configuration.
 The `on_error` hook supports interpolating particular runtime variables into
 the hook command. Here's an example that assumes you provide a separate shell
 script to handle the alerting:
 ```yaml
-on_error:
+hooks:
-    - send-text-message.sh {configuration_filename} {repository}
+    on_error:
        - send-text-message.sh "{configuration_filename}" "{repository}"
 ```
 In this example, when the error occurs, borgmatic interpolates runtime values
-into the hook command: the borgmatic configuration filename and the path of
+into the hook command: the borgmatic configuration filename, and the path of
 the repository. Here's the full set of supported variables you can use here:
 * `configuration_filename`: borgmatic configuration filename in which the
@ -117,66 +117,45 @@ the repository. Here's the full set of supported variables you can use here:
   occurred without running a command)
 Note that borgmatic runs the `on_error` hooks only for `create`, `prune`,
-`compact`, or `check` actions/hooks in which an error occurs and not other
+`compact`, or `check` actions or hooks in which an error occurs, and not other
 actions. borgmatic does not run `on_error` hooks if an error occurs within a
 `before_everything` or `after_everything` hook. For more about hooks, see the
 [borgmatic hooks
 documentation](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/add-preparation-and-cleanup-steps-to-backups/),
 especially the security information.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.8.7</span> borgmatic
 automatically escapes these interpolated values to prevent shell injection
 attacks. One implication of this change is that you shouldn't wrap the
 interpolated values in your own quotes, as that will interfere with the
 quoting performed by borgmatic and result in your command receiving incorrect
 arguments. For instance, this won't work:
 ```yaml
 on_error:
    # Don't do this! It won't work, as the {error} value is already quoted.
    - send-text-message.sh "Uh oh: {error}"
 ```
 Do this instead:
 ```yaml
 on_error:
    - send-text-message.sh {error}
 ```
 ## Healthchecks hook
 [Healthchecks](https://healthchecks.io/) is a service that provides "instant
-alerts when your cron jobs fail silently," and borgmatic has built-in
+alerts when your cron jobs fail silently", and borgmatic has built-in
 integration with it. Once you create a Healthchecks account and project on
 their site, all you need to do is configure borgmatic with the unique "Ping
 URL" for your project. Here's an example:
 ```yaml
-healthchecks:
+hooks:
-    ping_url: https://hc-ping.com/addffa72-da17-40ae-be9c-ff591afb942a
+    healthchecks:
        ping_url: https://hc-ping.com/addffa72-da17-40ae-be9c-ff591afb942a
 ```
-<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
+With this hook in place, borgmatic pings your Healthchecks project when a
-this option in the `hooks:` section of your configuration.
+backup begins, ends, or errors. Specifically, after the <a
-
+href="https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/add-preparation-and-cleanup-steps-to-backups/">`before_backup`
-With this configuration, borgmatic pings your Healthchecks project when a
+hooks</a> run, borgmatic lets Healthchecks know that it has started if any of
-backup begins, ends, or errors, but only when any of the `create`, `prune`,
+the `create`, `prune`, `compact`, or `check` actions are run.
 `compact`, or `check` actions are run.
 Then, if the actions complete successfully, borgmatic notifies Healthchecks of
-the success and includes borgmatic logs in the payload data sent to
+the success after the `after_backup` hooks run, and includes borgmatic logs in
-Healthchecks. This means that borgmatic logs show up in the Healthchecks UI,
+the payload data sent to Healthchecks. This means that borgmatic logs show up
-although be aware that Healthchecks currently has a 100-kilobyte limit for the
+in the Healthchecks UI, although be aware that Healthchecks currently has a
-logs in each ping.
+10-kilobyte limit for the logs in each ping.
-If an error occurs during any action or hook, borgmatic notifies Healthchecks,
+If an error occurs during any action or hook, borgmatic notifies Healthchecks
-also tacking on logs including the error itself. But the logs are only
+after the `on_error` hooks run, also tacking on logs including the error
-included for errors that occur when a `create`, `prune`, `compact`, or `check`
+itself. But the logs are only included for errors that occur when a `create`,
-action is run.
+`prune`, `compact`, or `check` action is run.
 You can customize the verbosity of the logs that are sent to Healthchecks with
 borgmatic's `--monitoring-verbosity` flag. The `--list` and `--stats` flags
@ -193,24 +172,26 @@ or it doesn't hear from borgmatic for a certain period of time.
 ## Cronitor hook
 [Cronitor](https://cronitor.io/) provides "Cron monitoring and uptime healthchecks
-for websites, services and APIs," and borgmatic has built-in
+for websites, services and APIs", and borgmatic has built-in
 integration with it. Once you create a Cronitor account and cron job monitor on
 their site, all you need to do is configure borgmatic with the unique "Ping
 API URL" for your monitor. Here's an example:
 ```yaml
-cronitor:
+hooks:
-    ping_url: https://cronitor.link/d3x0c1
+    cronitor:
        ping_url: https://cronitor.link/d3x0c1
 ```
-<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
+With this hook in place, borgmatic pings your Cronitor monitor when a backup
-this option in the `hooks:` section of your configuration.
+begins, ends, or errors. Specifically, after the <a
-
+href="https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/add-preparation-and-cleanup-steps-to-backups/">`before_backup`
-With this configuration, borgmatic pings your Cronitor monitor when a backup
+hooks</a> run, borgmatic lets Cronitor know that it has started if any of the
-begins, ends, or errors, but only when any of the `create`, `prune`,
+`prune`, `compact`, `create`, or `check` actions are run. Then, if the actions
-`compact`, or `check` actions are run. Then, if the actions complete
+complete successfully, borgmatic notifies Cronitor of the success after the
-successfully or errors, borgmatic notifies Cronitor accordingly.
+`after_backup` hooks run. And if an error occurs during any action or hook,
 borgmatic notifies Cronitor after the `on_error` hooks run.
 You can configure Cronitor to notify you by a [variety of
 mechanisms](https://cronitor.io/docs/cron-job-notifications) when backups fail
@ -220,24 +201,26 @@ or it doesn't hear from borgmatic for a certain period of time.
 ## Cronhub hook
 [Cronhub](https://cronhub.io/) provides "instant alerts when any of your
-background jobs fail silently or run longer than expected," and borgmatic has
+background jobs fail silently or run longer than expected", and borgmatic has
 built-in integration with it. Once you create a Cronhub account and monitor on
 their site, all you need to do is configure borgmatic with the unique "Ping
 URL" for your monitor. Here's an example:
 ```yaml
-cronhub:
+hooks:
-    ping_url: https://cronhub.io/start/1f5e3410-254c-11e8-b61d-55875966d031
+    cronhub:
        ping_url: https://cronhub.io/start/1f5e3410-254c-11e8-b61d-55875966d031
 ```
-<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
+With this hook in place, borgmatic pings your Cronhub monitor when a backup
-this option in the `hooks:` section of your configuration.
+begins, ends, or errors. Specifically, after the <a
-
+href="https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/add-preparation-and-cleanup-steps-to-backups/">`before_backup`
-With this configuration, borgmatic pings your Cronhub monitor when a backup
+hooks</a> run, borgmatic lets Cronhub know that it has started if any of the
-begins, ends, or errors, but only when any of the `create`, `prune`,
+`prune`, `compact`, `create`, or `check` actions are run. Then, if the actions
-`compact`, or `check` actions are run. Then, if the actions complete
+complete successfully, borgmatic notifies Cronhub of the success after the
-successfully or errors, borgmatic notifies Cronhub accordingly.
+`after_backup` hooks run. And if an error occurs during any action or hook,
 borgmatic notifies Cronhub after the `on_error` hooks run.
 Note that even though you configure borgmatic with the "start" variant of the
 ping URL, borgmatic substitutes the correct state into the URL when pinging
@ -268,17 +251,16 @@ Here's an example:
 ```yaml
-pagerduty:
+hooks:
-    integration_key: a177cad45bd374409f78906a810a3074
+    pagerduty:
        integration_key: a177cad45bd374409f78906a810a3074
 ```
-<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
+With this hook in place, borgmatic creates a PagerDuty event for your service
-this option in the `hooks:` section of your configuration.
+whenever backups fail. Specifically, if an error occurs during a `create`,
-
+`prune`, `compact`, or `check` action, borgmatic sends an event to PagerDuty
-With this configuration, borgmatic creates a PagerDuty event for your service
+before the `on_error` hooks run. Note that borgmatic does not contact
-whenever backups fail, but only when any of the `create`, `prune`, `compact`,
+PagerDuty when a backup starts or ends without error.
 or `check` actions are run. Note that borgmatic does not contact PagerDuty
 when a backup starts or when it ends without error.
 You can configure PagerDuty to notify you by a [variety of
 mechanisms](https://support.pagerduty.com/docs/notifications) when backups
@ -290,222 +272,50 @@ us](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/#support-and-contributing).
 ## ntfy hook
-<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.6.3</span>
+[ntfy](https://ntfy.sh) is a free, simple, service (either hosted or self-hosted)
-[ntfy](https://ntfy.sh) is a free, simple, service (either hosted or
+which offers simple pub/sub push notifications to multiple platforms including
-self-hosted) which offers simple pub/sub push notifications to multiple
+[web](https://ntfy.sh/stats), [Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.heckel.ntfy)
-platforms including [web](https://ntfy.sh/stats),
+and [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ntfy/id1625396347).
 [Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.heckel.ntfy) and
 [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ntfy/id1625396347).
 Since push notifications for regular events might soon become quite annoying,
-this hook only fires on any errors by default in order to instantly alert you
+this hook only fires on any errors by default in order to instantly alert you to issues.
-to issues. The `states` list can override this. Each state can have its own
+The `states` list can override this.
 custom messages, priorities and tags or, if none are provided, will use the
 default.
-An example configuration is shown here with all the available options,
+As ntfy is unauthenticated, it isn't a suitable channel for any private information
-including [priorities](https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#message-priority) and
+so the default messages are intentionally generic. These can be overridden, depending
 on your risk assessment. Each `state` can have its own custom messages, priorities and tags
 or, if none are provided, will use the default.
 An example configuration is shown here, with all the available options, including
 [priorities](https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#message-priority) and
 [tags](https://ntfy.sh/docs/publish/#tags-emojis):
 ```yaml
-ntfy:
+hooks:
-    topic: my-unique-topic
+    ntfy:
-    server: https://ntfy.my-domain.com
+        topic: my-unique-topic
-    username: myuser
+        server: https://ntfy.my-domain.com
-    password: secret
+        start:
-
+            title: A Borgmatic backup started
-    start:
+            message: Watch this space...
-        title: A borgmatic backup started
+            tags: borgmatic
-        message: Watch this space...
+            priority: min
-        tags: borgmatic
+        finish:
-        priority: min
+            title: A Borgmatic backup completed successfully
-    finish:
+            message: Nice!
-        title: A borgmatic backup completed successfully
+            tags: borgmatic,+1
-        message: Nice!
+            priority: min
-        tags: borgmatic,+1
+        fail:
-        priority: min
+            title: A Borgmatic backup failed
-    fail:
+            message: You should probably fix it
-        title: A borgmatic backup failed
+            tags: borgmatic,-1,skull
-        message: You should probably fix it
+            priority: max
-        tags: borgmatic,-1,skull
+        states:
-        priority: max
+            - start
-    states:
+            - finish
-        - start
+            - fail
        - finish
        - fail
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
 the `ntfy:` option in the `hooks:` section of your configuration.
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.8.9</span> Instead of
 `username`/`password`, you can specify an [ntfy access
 token](https://docs.ntfy.sh/config/#access-tokens):
 ```yaml
 ntfy:
    topic: my-unique-topic
    server: https://ntfy.my-domain.com
    access_token: tk_AgQdq7mVBoFD37zQVN29RhuMzNIz2
 ````
 ## Loki hook
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.8.3</span> [Grafana
 Loki](https://grafana.com/oss/loki/) is a "horizontally scalable, highly
 available, multi-tenant log aggregation system inspired by Prometheus."
 borgmatic has built-in integration with Loki, sending both backup status and
 borgmatic logs.
 You can configure borgmatic to use either a [self-hosted Loki
 instance](https://grafana.com/docs/loki/latest/installation/) or [a Grafana
 Cloud account](https://grafana.com/auth/sign-up/create-user). Start by setting
 your Loki API push URL. Here's an example:
 ```yaml
 loki:
    url: http://localhost:3100/loki/api/v1/push
 ```
 With this configuration, borgmatic sends its logs to your Loki instance as any
 of the `create`, `prune`, `compact`, or `check` actions are run. Then, after
 the actions complete, borgmatic notifies Loki of success or failure.
 This hook supports sending arbitrary labels to Loki. For instance:
 ```yaml
 loki:
    url: http://localhost:3100/loki/api/v1/push
    labels:
        app: borgmatic
        hostname: example.org
 ```
 There are also a few placeholders you can optionally use as label values:
 * `__config`: name of the borgmatic configuration file
 * `__config_path`: full path of the borgmatic configuration file
 * `__hostname`: the local machine hostname
 These placeholders are only substituted for the whole label value, not
 interpolated into a larger string. For instance:
 ```yaml
 loki:
    url: http://localhost:3100/loki/api/v1/push
    labels:
        app: borgmatic
        config: __config
        hostname: __hostname
 ```
 Also check out this [Loki dashboard for
 borgmatic](https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/20736-borgmatic-logs/) if
 you'd like to see your backup logs and statistics in one place.
 ## Apprise hook
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.8.4</span>
 [Apprise](https://github.com/caronc/apprise/wiki) is a local notification library
 that "allows you to send a notification to almost all of the most popular
 [notification services](https://github.com/caronc/apprise/wiki) available to
 us today such as: Telegram, Discord, Slack, Amazon SNS, Gotify, etc."
 Depending on how you installed borgmatic, it may not have come with Apprise.
 For instance, if you originally [installed borgmatic with
 pipx](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/set-up-backups/#installation),
 run the following to install Apprise so borgmatic can use it:
 ```bash
 sudo pipx uninstall borgmatic
 sudo pipx install borgmatic[Apprise]
 ```
 Omit `sudo` if borgmatic is installed as a non-root user.
 Once Apprise is installed, configure borgmatic to notify one or more [Apprise
 services](https://github.com/caronc/apprise/wiki). For example:
 ```yaml
 apprise:
    services:
        - url: gotify://hostname/token
          label: gotify
        - url: mastodons://access_key@hostname/@user
          label: mastodon
    states:
        - start
        - finish
        - fail
 ```
 With this configuration, borgmatic pings each of the configured Apprise
 services when a backup begins, ends, or errors, but only when any of the
 `create`, `prune`, `compact`, or `check` actions are run. (By default, if
 `states` is not specified, Apprise services are only pinged on error.)
 You can optionally customize the contents of the default messages sent to
 these services:
 ```yaml
 apprise:
    services:
        - url: gotify://hostname/token
          label: gotify
    start:
        title: Ping!
        body: Starting backup process.
    finish:
        title: Ping!
        body: Backups successfully made.
    fail:
        title: Ping!
        body: Your backups have failed.
    states:
        - start
        - finish
        - fail
 ```
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.8.9</span> borgmatic
 logs are automatically included in the body data sent to your Apprise services
 when a backup finishes or fails.
 You can customize the verbosity of the logs that are sent with borgmatic's
 `--monitoring-verbosity` flag. The `--list` and `--stats` flags may also be of
 use. See `borgmatic create --help` for more information.
 If you don't want any logs sent, you can disable this feature by setting
 `send_logs` to `false`:
 ```yaml
 apprise:
    services:
        - url: gotify://hostname/token
          label: gotify
    send_logs: false
 ```
 Or to limit the size of logs sent to Apprise services:
 ```yaml
 apprise:
    services:
        - url: gotify://hostname/token
          label: gotify
    logs_size_limit: 500
 ```
 This may be necessary for some services that reject large requests.
 See the [configuration
 reference](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/reference/configuration/) for
 details.
 ## Scripting borgmatic
 To consume the output of borgmatic in other software, you can include an
@ -514,7 +324,7 @@ output formatted as JSON.
 Note that when you specify the `--json` flag, Borg's other non-JSON output is
 suppressed so as not to interfere with the captured JSON. Also note that JSON
-output only shows up at the console and not in syslog.
+output only shows up at the console, and not in syslog.
 ### Latest backups
--- a/docs/how-to/provide-your-passwords.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/provide-your-passwords.md
@ -5,31 +5,13 @@ eleventyNavigation:
  parent: How-to guides
  order: 2
 ---
-## Providing passwords and secrets to borgmatic
+## Environment variable interpolation
 If you want to use a Borg repository passphrase or database passwords with
 borgmatic, you can set them directly in your borgmatic configuration file,
-treating those secrets like any other option value. For instance, you can
+treating those secrets like any other option value. But if you'd rather store
-specify your Borg passhprase with:
+them outside of borgmatic, whether for convenience or security reasons, read
-
+on.
 ```yaml
 encryption_passphrase: yourpassphrase
 ```
 But if you'd rather store them outside of borgmatic, whether for convenience
 or security reasons, read on.
 ### Delegating to another application
 borgmatic supports calling another application such as a password manager to 
 obtain the Borg passphrase to a repository.
 For example, to ask the *Pass* password manager to provide the passphrase:
 ```yaml
 encryption_passcommand: pass path/to/borg-repokey
 ```
 ### Environment variable interpolation
 <span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.6.4</span> borgmatic
 supports interpolating arbitrary environment variables directly into option
@ -38,14 +20,12 @@ pull your repository passphrase, your database passwords, or any other option
 values from environment variables. For instance:
 ```yaml
-encryption_passphrase: ${YOUR_PASSPHRASE}
+storage:
    encryption_passphrase: ${MY_PASSPHRASE}
 ```
-<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
+This uses the `MY_PASSPHRASE` environment variable as your encryption
-this option in the `storage:` section of your configuration.
+passphrase. Note that the `{` `}` brackets are required. `$MY_PASSPHRASE` by
 This uses the `YOUR_PASSPHRASE` environment variable as your encryption
 passphrase. Note that the `{` `}` brackets are required. `$YOUR_PASSPHRASE` by
 itself will not work.
 In the case of `encryption_passphrase` in particular, an alternate approach
@ -58,33 +38,31 @@ configuration](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/backup-your-databases/)
 the same approach applies. For example:
 ```yaml
-postgresql_databases:
+hooks:
-    - name: users
+    postgresql_databases:
-      password: ${YOUR_DATABASE_PASSWORD}
+        - name: users
          password: ${MY_DATABASE_PASSWORD}
 ```
-<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">Prior to version 1.8.0</span> Put
+This uses the `MY_DATABASE_PASSWORD` environment variable as your database
 this option in the `hooks:` section of your configuration.
 This uses the `YOUR_DATABASE_PASSWORD` environment variable as your database
 password.
-#### Interpolation defaults
+### Interpolation defaults
-If you'd like to set a default for your environment variables, you can do so
+If you'd like to set a default for your environment variables, you can do so with the following syntax:
 with the following syntax:
 ```yaml
-encryption_passphrase: ${YOUR_PASSPHRASE:-defaultpass}
+storage:
    encryption_passphrase: ${MY_PASSPHRASE:-defaultpass}
 ```
-Here, "`defaultpass`" is the default passphrase if the `YOUR_PASSPHRASE`
+Here, "`defaultpass`" is the default passphrase if the `MY_PASSPHRASE`
 environment variable is not set. Without a default, if the environment
 variable doesn't exist, borgmatic will error.
-#### Disabling interpolation
+### Disabling interpolation
 To disable this environment variable interpolation feature entirely, you can
 pass the `--no-environment-interpolation` flag on the command-line.
@ -94,10 +72,11 @@ can escape it with a backslash. For instance, if your password is literally
 `${A}@!`:
 ```yaml
-encryption_passphrase: \${A}@!
+storage:
    encryption_passphrase: \${A}@!
 ```
-## Related features
+### Related features
 Another way to override particular options within a borgmatic configuration
 file is to use a [configuration
@ -109,9 +88,3 @@ Additionally, borgmatic action hooks support their own [variable
 interpolation](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/add-preparation-and-cleanup-steps-to-backups/#variable-interpolation),
 although in that case it's for particular borgmatic runtime values rather than
 (only) environment variables.
 Lastly, if you do want to specify your passhprase directly within borgmatic
 configuration, but you'd like to keep it in a separate file from your main
 configuration, you can [use a configuration include or a merge
 include](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/docs/how-to/make-per-application-backups/#configuration-includes)
 to pull in an external password.
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More